Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment

Urban floods increasingly threaten underground spaces and their users. Often essential for evacuation, stairs pose unique challenges as they also serve as the main path for the incoming water. While prior studies typically examine individual behaviour, the role of groups on flooded stairs remains un...

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Autores: Aparicio Uribe, Carlos Humberto, Russo, Beniamino|||0000-0001-9437-0085, Tellez Alvarez, Jackson David|||0000-0003-1428-9872, Martínez Gomariz, Eduardo|||0000-0002-0189-0725
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/439456
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/439456
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2025.100448
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Urban resilience
Underground space
Human instability
Flooded stairs
Flood risk mitigation
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària
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spelling Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessmentAparicio Uribe, Carlos HumbertoRusso, Beniamino|||0000-0001-9437-0085Tellez Alvarez, Jackson David|||0000-0003-1428-9872Martínez Gomariz, Eduardo|||0000-0002-0189-0725Urban resilienceUnderground spaceHuman instabilityFlooded stairsFlood risk mitigationÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitàriaUrban floods increasingly threaten underground spaces and their users. Often essential for evacuation, stairs pose unique challenges as they also serve as the main path for the incoming water. While prior studies typically examine individual behaviour, the role of groups on flooded stairs remains underexplored. This study addresses that gap through a 3D numerical analysis evaluating how different pedestrian arrangements affect evacuation efficiency and safety. Using realistic human body dummies on real-scale stairs under a water discharge of 0.423 m3/s, the analysis calculates hydrodynamic forces alongside Momentum of Flow MF and Specific Force Per Unit Width (SFPUW) M0 to assess hazardous conditions. Scenarios include individuals alone, in tandem, and side-by-side. Results show that group configurations significantly influence water-dragging forces. Side-by-side arrangements increased the force on both neighbouring and downstream pedestrians, while tandem formations reduced drag on trailing individuals. Greater separation distances between individuals reduced force influences. These findings reveal how group positioning affects safety during evacuation and highlight potential bottlenecks. The study offers valuable insights for improving evacuation strategies and safety protocols in underground infrastructure during floods, ultimately contributing to urban resilience and effective flood risk mitigation.This work was sponsored by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation - project FAVOUR: PID2019-110965RB-I00 “Analysis of flood hazard considering vehicles and other floating elements”. Special recognition to the support offered by the FLUMEN laboratory team at the UPC in the construction and operation of the facility, the FLOW-3D technical team for the assistance during the development of the numerical models and Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) for providing the information needed to replicate the stairs in the laboratory.Peer ReviewedElsevier20252025-10-0120252025-07-25journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/439456https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2025.100448reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2019-110965RB-I00 ANALISIS DE LA PELIGROSIDAD DE INUNDACION CONSIDERANDO VEHICULOS Y OTROS FLOTANTES EN ZONA URBANAopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/4394562026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
title Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
spellingShingle Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
Aparicio Uribe, Carlos Humberto
Urban resilience
Underground space
Human instability
Flooded stairs
Flood risk mitigation
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària
title_short Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
title_full Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
title_fullStr Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
title_full_unstemmed Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
title_sort Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Aparicio Uribe, Carlos Humberto
Russo, Beniamino|||0000-0001-9437-0085
Tellez Alvarez, Jackson David|||0000-0003-1428-9872
Martínez Gomariz, Eduardo|||0000-0002-0189-0725
author Aparicio Uribe, Carlos Humberto
author_facet Aparicio Uribe, Carlos Humberto
Russo, Beniamino|||0000-0001-9437-0085
Tellez Alvarez, Jackson David|||0000-0003-1428-9872
Martínez Gomariz, Eduardo|||0000-0002-0189-0725
author_role author
author2 Russo, Beniamino|||0000-0001-9437-0085
Tellez Alvarez, Jackson David|||0000-0003-1428-9872
Martínez Gomariz, Eduardo|||0000-0002-0189-0725
author2_role author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Urban resilience
Underground space
Human instability
Flooded stairs
Flood risk mitigation
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària
topic Urban resilience
Underground space
Human instability
Flooded stairs
Flood risk mitigation
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària
description Urban floods increasingly threaten underground spaces and their users. Often essential for evacuation, stairs pose unique challenges as they also serve as the main path for the incoming water. While prior studies typically examine individual behaviour, the role of groups on flooded stairs remains underexplored. This study addresses that gap through a 3D numerical analysis evaluating how different pedestrian arrangements affect evacuation efficiency and safety. Using realistic human body dummies on real-scale stairs under a water discharge of 0.423 m3/s, the analysis calculates hydrodynamic forces alongside Momentum of Flow MF and Specific Force Per Unit Width (SFPUW) M0 to assess hazardous conditions. Scenarios include individuals alone, in tandem, and side-by-side. Results show that group configurations significantly influence water-dragging forces. Side-by-side arrangements increased the force on both neighbouring and downstream pedestrians, while tandem formations reduced drag on trailing individuals. Greater separation distances between individuals reduced force influences. These findings reveal how group positioning affects safety during evacuation and highlight potential bottlenecks. The study offers valuable insights for improving evacuation strategies and safety protocols in underground infrastructure during floods, ultimately contributing to urban resilience and effective flood risk mitigation.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-10-01
2025
2025-07-25
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/439456
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2025.100448
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/439456
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2025.100448
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2019-110965RB-I00 ANALISIS DE LA PELIGROSIDAD DE INUNDACION CONSIDERANDO VEHICULOS Y OTROS FLOTANTES EN ZONA URBANA
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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