A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array

Context. The Arches cluster, one of the most massive clusters in the Milky Way, is located about 30 pc in projection from the central massive black hole Sagittarius A* at a distance of ≈8 kpc from Earth. With its high mass, young age, and location in the Galaxy’s most extreme star forming environmen...

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Autores: Cano-González, M., Schödel, Rainer, Alberdi, Antxón, Moldón, Javier, Pérez-Torres, Miguel A., Najarro, Francisco, Gallego Calvente, Teresa
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2024
País:España
Recursos:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/387329
Acesso em linha:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/387329
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Stars: massive
Galaxy: center
Open clusters and associations: individual: Arches cluster
Radio continuum: stars
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
title A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
spellingShingle A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
Cano-González, M.
Stars: massive
Galaxy: center
Open clusters and associations: individual: Arches cluster
Radio continuum: stars
title_short A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
title_full A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
title_fullStr A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
title_full_unstemmed A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
title_sort A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large Array
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Cano-González, M.
Schödel, Rainer
Alberdi, Antxón
Moldón, Javier
Pérez-Torres, Miguel A.
Najarro, Francisco
Gallego Calvente, Teresa
author Cano-González, M.
author_facet Cano-González, M.
Schödel, Rainer
Alberdi, Antxón
Moldón, Javier
Pérez-Torres, Miguel A.
Najarro, Francisco
Gallego Calvente, Teresa
author_role author
author2 Schödel, Rainer
Alberdi, Antxón
Moldón, Javier
Pérez-Torres, Miguel A.
Najarro, Francisco
Gallego Calvente, Teresa
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Generalitat Valenciana
European Commission
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
Junta de Andalucía
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Stars: massive
Galaxy: center
Open clusters and associations: individual: Arches cluster
Radio continuum: stars
topic Stars: massive
Galaxy: center
Open clusters and associations: individual: Arches cluster
Radio continuum: stars
description Context. The Arches cluster, one of the most massive clusters in the Milky Way, is located about 30 pc in projection from the central massive black hole Sagittarius A* at a distance of ≈8 kpc from Earth. With its high mass, young age, and location in the Galaxy’s most extreme star forming environment, the Arches is an extraordinary laboratory for studying massive stars and clusters.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/387329
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/387329
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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spelling A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the Very Large ArrayCano-González, M.Schödel, RainerAlberdi, AntxónMoldón, JavierPérez-Torres, Miguel A.Najarro, FranciscoGallego Calvente, TeresaStars: massiveGalaxy: centerOpen clusters and associations: individual: Arches clusterRadio continuum: starsContext. The Arches cluster, one of the most massive clusters in the Milky Way, is located about 30 pc in projection from the central massive black hole Sagittarius A* at a distance of ≈8 kpc from Earth. With its high mass, young age, and location in the Galaxy’s most extreme star forming environment, the Arches is an extraordinary laboratory for studying massive stars and clusters.Aims. Our objective is to improve our knowledge of the properties of massive stars and the Arches cluster through high-angular-resolution radio continuum studies.Methods. We observed the Arches cluster with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in the C- and X-bands (central frequencies of 6 and 10 GHz respectively) in two epochs at C-band and five epochs at X-band throughout 2016, 2018, and 2022, covering time spans ranging from 22 days to 6 years. We used the A-configuration to achieve the highest possible angular resolution and cross-matched the detected point-sources with stars detected in the infrared, using proper motion catalogues to ensure cluster membership.Results. We report the most extensive radio point-source catalogue of the cluster to date, with a total of 25 radio detections (7 more than the most recent study). We also created the deepest (2.5 μJy in X-band) images of the cluster so far in the 4 to 12 GHz frequency range. Most of our stellar radio sources (12 out of 18) show a positive spectral index, indicating that the dominant emission process is free-free thermal radiation, which probably originates from stellar winds. We find that radio variability is more frequent than what was inferred from previous observations, and affects up to 60% of the sources associated with bright stellar counterparts, with two of them, F18 and F26, showing extreme flux variability. We propose four of our detections (F6, F18, F19, and F26) as primary candidates for colliding-wind binaries (CWBs) based on their consistent flat-to-negative spectral index. We classify F7, F9, F12, F14, and F55 as CWB binary candidates based on their high flux and/or spectral index variability, and X-ray counterparts. Thus, we infer a 14/23 ≈ 61% multiplicity fraction for the radio stars of the Arches cluster when combining our findings with recent infrared radial velocity studies. © The Authors 2024.We thank the NRAO staff for their help setting up the observations and their excellent guidance with the VLA pipeline and calibration process. Authors M.C.G., R.S., A.A., J.M., M.P.T., and A.T.G.C. acknowledge financial support from the Severo Ochoa grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M.G.C. and R.S. acknowledge support from grant EUR2022-134031 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. and by grant PID2022-136640NB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI 10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union. A.A. and M.P.T. acknowledge support from the Spanish National grant PID2020-117404GB-C21, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. A.T.G.C. acknowledges the Astrophysics and High Energy Physics programme supported by MCIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat Valenciana. F.N., acknowledges support by grants PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2022-137779OB-C41 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. Authors M.C.G., R.S. and J.M. acknowledge the Spanish Prototype of an SRC (SPSRC) service and support funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU), by the Junta de Andalucía, by the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. The SPSRC acknowledges financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) (SEV-2017-0709) and from the grant CEX2021-001131-S funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. J.M. acknowledges financial support from the grant PID2021-123930OB-C21 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU.With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (SEV-2017-0709).Peer reviewedEDP SciencesMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Generalitat ValencianaEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)Junta de AndalucíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252024info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/387329reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. 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