Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems

© 2025 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to s...

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Authors: Chen, Song, Wang, Yang, Tian, Zhen, Xiao, Xianyong, Xie, Xiaorong, Gomis Bellmunt, Oriol|||0000-0002-9507-8278
Format: article
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repository:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Language:English
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/431156
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/431156
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2025.3557035
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Grid forming
Grid following
Oscillators
Power system stability
Thermal stability
Maximum power point trackers
Impedance
Doubly fed induction generators
Synchronous generators
Admittance
Forced oscillation
Grid-forming
Grid-following
P-¿ admittance
Low-frequency oscillation mode
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria elèctrica::Maquinària i aparells elèctrics::Generadors elèctrics
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spelling Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systemsChen, SongWang, YangTian, ZhenXiao, XianyongXie, XiaorongGomis Bellmunt, Oriol|||0000-0002-9507-8278Grid formingGrid followingOscillatorsPower system stabilityThermal stabilityMaximum power point trackersImpedanceDoubly fed induction generatorsSynchronous generatorsAdmittanceForced oscillationGrid-formingGrid-followingP-¿ admittanceLow-frequency oscillation modeÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria elèctrica::Maquinària i aparells elèctrics::Generadors elèctrics© 2025 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.This article investigates a novel oscillation phenomenon in systems with grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters. Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on small-signal stability, this work explores forced oscillations (FOs), where GFL inverters act as excitation sources, inducing oscillations in GFM inverters. Specifically, interharmonics generated by maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control trigger low-frequency oscillation modes in GFM inverters. To analyze this phenomenon, the article first examines the power characteristics of the interharmonics injected by MPPT and leverages this understanding to develop a P-¿ admittance model for GFM and GFL inverter connected systems. This model enables precise prediction of FO amplitudes and provides insights into the influence of factors such as the number of GFM inverters on oscillation behavior. To validate findings, hardware-in-the-loop experiments are performed to verify the observed behavior in a system consisting of photovoltaic farms with GFL control and battery energy storage systems with GFM control. Finally, merits and limitations of this work are explicitly highlighted to provide a balanced perspective.This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52177104 and in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province under Grant 2025NSFJQ0011.Peer ReviewedInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)20252025-04-0220252025-06-10journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501AMhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aainfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/431156https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2025.3557035reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/4311562026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
title Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
spellingShingle Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
Chen, Song
Grid forming
Grid following
Oscillators
Power system stability
Thermal stability
Maximum power point trackers
Impedance
Doubly fed induction generators
Synchronous generators
Admittance
Forced oscillation
Grid-forming
Grid-following
P-¿ admittance
Low-frequency oscillation mode
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria elèctrica::Maquinària i aparells elèctrics::Generadors elèctrics
title_short Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
title_full Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
title_fullStr Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
title_full_unstemmed Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
title_sort Understanding a type of forced oscillation in grid-forming and grid-following inverter connected systems
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Chen, Song
Wang, Yang
Tian, Zhen
Xiao, Xianyong
Xie, Xiaorong
Gomis Bellmunt, Oriol|||0000-0002-9507-8278
author Chen, Song
author_facet Chen, Song
Wang, Yang
Tian, Zhen
Xiao, Xianyong
Xie, Xiaorong
Gomis Bellmunt, Oriol|||0000-0002-9507-8278
author_role author
author2 Wang, Yang
Tian, Zhen
Xiao, Xianyong
Xie, Xiaorong
Gomis Bellmunt, Oriol|||0000-0002-9507-8278
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Grid forming
Grid following
Oscillators
Power system stability
Thermal stability
Maximum power point trackers
Impedance
Doubly fed induction generators
Synchronous generators
Admittance
Forced oscillation
Grid-forming
Grid-following
P-¿ admittance
Low-frequency oscillation mode
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria elèctrica::Maquinària i aparells elèctrics::Generadors elèctrics
topic Grid forming
Grid following
Oscillators
Power system stability
Thermal stability
Maximum power point trackers
Impedance
Doubly fed induction generators
Synchronous generators
Admittance
Forced oscillation
Grid-forming
Grid-following
P-¿ admittance
Low-frequency oscillation mode
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria elèctrica::Maquinària i aparells elèctrics::Generadors elèctrics
description © 2025 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-04-02
2025
2025-06-10
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
AM
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/431156
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2025.3557035
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/431156
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2025.3557035
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869421798265716737
score 15.811543

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