Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones

[EN] This paper introduces a supervisory controller designed for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) to minimize total energy consumption and tailpipe NOx emissions while adhering to Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) constraints. The case study exploits historical driving cycle data from an urban bus ro...

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Autores: Uberti-Pinto, Douglas, Frasci, Emmanuele, Arsie, Ivan, Pla Moreno, Benjamín|||0000-0001-9238-2939, Nakaema-Aronis, Andre|||0000-0001-9599-7736
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
Repositorio:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/214646
Acceso en línea:https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/214646
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Energy management strategy
Hybrid electric vehicles
Emissions control
Vehicle emissions
Look-ahead control
INGENIERIA AEROESPACIAL
MAQUINAS Y MOTORES TERMICOS
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spelling Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zonesUberti-Pinto, DouglasFrasci, EmmanueleArsie, IvanPla Moreno, Benjamín|||0000-0001-9238-2939Nakaema-Aronis, Andre|||0000-0001-9599-7736Energy management strategyHybrid electric vehiclesEmissions controlVehicle emissionsLook-ahead controlINGENIERIA AEROESPACIALMAQUINAS Y MOTORES TERMICOS[EN] This paper introduces a supervisory controller designed for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) to minimize total energy consumption and tailpipe NOx emissions while adhering to Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) constraints. The case study exploits historical driving cycle data from an urban bus route in Zurich to analyze trip correlations, where a ZEZ restriction was added to assess the vehicle performance under such conditions. A PHEV bus model was built, integrating the powertrain and After-Treatment System (ATS), where an electric heater is included to mitigate NOx emissions. The supervisory controller is tasked with determining the optimal power split and the electric heater power to ensure adherence to feasible operating conditions along the route. Historical driving cycle data analysis demonstrates that the speed profiles along the selected route exhibit similarities. This observation is leveraged by a Dynamic Programming (DP) optimization, where an arbitrary bus trip is employed to generate a cost-to-go matrix. Then, the resulting cos-to-go matrix was indexed by the position in the route and is used on the real-time controller by applying the one-step look-ahead roll-out algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the controller effectiveness in addressing ZEZ restrictions, presenting a trade-off between energy consumption and tailpipe NOx emissions. A benchmark was carried out, comparing the results obtained with the DP solution as the baseline, assuming perfect knowledge of driving cycle disturbances, revealing a 7% increase in tailpipe NOx emissions and a 1.3% increase in fuel consumption compared to the theoretical minimum and fulfilling the ZEZ restrictions in all the cases.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research has been partially funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of Spain through the project PID2020-119691RB-I00, entitled ''Mantenimiento Y ControlOptimo De Vehiculos Hibridos De Transporte Urbano Mediante Datos Del Contexto Operacional''.SAGE PublicationsDepartamento de Máquinas y Motores TérmicosEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Diseño IndustrialInstituto Universitario de Investigación CMT - Clean Mobility & ThermofluidsAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónRepositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politècnica de València Riunet20252025-07-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/214646reponame:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valénciainstname:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-119691RB-I00 MANTENIMIENTO Y CONTROL OPTIMO DE VEHICULOS HIBRIDOS DE TRANSPORTE URBANO MEDIANTE DATOS DEL CONTEXTO OPERACIONALopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Reserva de todos los derechoshttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:riunet.upv.es:10251/2146462026-06-13T07:49:27Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
title Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
spellingShingle Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
Uberti-Pinto, Douglas
Energy management strategy
Hybrid electric vehicles
Emissions control
Vehicle emissions
Look-ahead control
INGENIERIA AEROESPACIAL
MAQUINAS Y MOTORES TERMICOS
title_short Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
title_full Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
title_fullStr Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
title_full_unstemmed Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
title_sort Supervisory controller for minimizing fuel consumption and NOx emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in zero-emission zones
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Uberti-Pinto, Douglas
Frasci, Emmanuele
Arsie, Ivan
Pla Moreno, Benjamín|||0000-0001-9238-2939
Nakaema-Aronis, Andre|||0000-0001-9599-7736
author Uberti-Pinto, Douglas
author_facet Uberti-Pinto, Douglas
Frasci, Emmanuele
Arsie, Ivan
Pla Moreno, Benjamín|||0000-0001-9238-2939
Nakaema-Aronis, Andre|||0000-0001-9599-7736
author_role author
author2 Frasci, Emmanuele
Arsie, Ivan
Pla Moreno, Benjamín|||0000-0001-9238-2939
Nakaema-Aronis, Andre|||0000-0001-9599-7736
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Diseño Industrial
Instituto Universitario de Investigación CMT - Clean Mobility & Thermofluids
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politècnica de València Riunet
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Energy management strategy
Hybrid electric vehicles
Emissions control
Vehicle emissions
Look-ahead control
INGENIERIA AEROESPACIAL
MAQUINAS Y MOTORES TERMICOS
topic Energy management strategy
Hybrid electric vehicles
Emissions control
Vehicle emissions
Look-ahead control
INGENIERIA AEROESPACIAL
MAQUINAS Y MOTORES TERMICOS
description [EN] This paper introduces a supervisory controller designed for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) to minimize total energy consumption and tailpipe NOx emissions while adhering to Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) constraints. The case study exploits historical driving cycle data from an urban bus route in Zurich to analyze trip correlations, where a ZEZ restriction was added to assess the vehicle performance under such conditions. A PHEV bus model was built, integrating the powertrain and After-Treatment System (ATS), where an electric heater is included to mitigate NOx emissions. The supervisory controller is tasked with determining the optimal power split and the electric heater power to ensure adherence to feasible operating conditions along the route. Historical driving cycle data analysis demonstrates that the speed profiles along the selected route exhibit similarities. This observation is leveraged by a Dynamic Programming (DP) optimization, where an arbitrary bus trip is employed to generate a cost-to-go matrix. Then, the resulting cos-to-go matrix was indexed by the position in the route and is used on the real-time controller by applying the one-step look-ahead roll-out algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the controller effectiveness in addressing ZEZ restrictions, presenting a trade-off between energy consumption and tailpipe NOx emissions. A benchmark was carried out, comparing the results obtained with the DP solution as the baseline, assuming perfect knowledge of driving cycle disturbances, revealing a 7% increase in tailpipe NOx emissions and a 1.3% increase in fuel consumption compared to the theoretical minimum and fulfilling the ZEZ restrictions in all the cases.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-07-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/214646
url https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/214646
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-119691RB-I00 MANTENIMIENTO Y CONTROL OPTIMO DE VEHICULOS HIBRIDOS DE TRANSPORTE URBANO MEDIANTE DATOS DEL CONTEXTO OPERACIONAL
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Reserva de todos los derechos
http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Reserva de todos los derechos
http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv SAGE Publications
publisher.none.fl_str_mv SAGE Publications
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
instname:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
reponame_str RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
collection RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869420759306207232
score 15.812429

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