Optimal cost-emission trade-off for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles around zero emission zones using a supervisory energy and emissions management strategy
[EN] The growing call for pollution-free environments has prompted the creation of zero-emission zones (ZEZs) around the world. For regional and national transport, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are an attractive option, which also offer ZE driving. To address the PHEV challenges of suffici...
| Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | article |
| Publication Date: | 2025 |
| Country: | España |
| Institution: | Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) |
| Repository: | RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia |
| Language: | English |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/221173 |
| Online Access: | https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/221173 |
| Access Level: | Open access |
| Keyword: | Energy management Optimal control Emissions control Zero emission zone Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles |
| Summary: | [EN] The growing call for pollution-free environments has prompted the creation of zero-emission zones (ZEZs) around the world. For regional and national transport, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are an attractive option, which also offer ZE driving. To address the PHEV challenges of sufficient ZE driving range and of meeting real-world emission targets outside the ZEZs, this work proposes an adaptive supervisory control strategy, which minimizes the total operational costs while complying with tailpipe NOx emissions constraints. It combines a Modular Energy Management Strategy (MEMS), for cost-optimal power-split, with an Integrated Emission Management (IEM) strategy for determining the cost-optimal air path setting of the internal combustion engine. A real-time implementable, optimal control strategy is derived based on Pontryagin¿s Minimum Principle. To determine the optimal selection of the co-states used in this strategy, a numerical optimization is performed for different route segments and real-world cycles. This study demonstrates that PHEVs can successfully be operated around ZEZs. The best performance is realized with an adaptive supervisory control strategy with different co-states per route segment; compared to the standard strategy with fixed costates, this proposed strategy was able to achieve cost and NOx emission reductions of up to 10% and 22%, respectively, for the studied real-world cycles. |
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