Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques
21 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables . -- This article belongs to the Special Issue History, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
| Autores: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Tipo de recurso: | artículo |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2025 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
| Repositorio: | DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:dnet:digitalcsic_::b13ed2b80e91984a0d6992f71f280ade |
| Acceso en línea: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/431469 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105025921945 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Cultural heritage Degradation Funerary monuments LIBS Oxidative potential Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development humanities Earth sciences |
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Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| title |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| spellingShingle |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques Bergomi, Andrea Cultural heritage Degradation Funerary monuments LIBS Oxidative potential Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development humanities Earth sciences |
| title_short |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| title_full |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| title_fullStr |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| title_sort |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical Techniques |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Bergomi, Andrea Comite, Valeria Borelli, Mattia Lombardi, Chiara Andrea Festa, Elisa Oujja, Mohamed Castillejo, Marta Maestro-Guijarro, Laura Carmona-Quiroga, Paula Crespo-Ibáñez, Ana Pirovano, Michela Fermo, Paola |
| author |
Bergomi, Andrea |
| author_facet |
Bergomi, Andrea Comite, Valeria Borelli, Mattia Lombardi, Chiara Andrea Festa, Elisa Oujja, Mohamed Castillejo, Marta Maestro-Guijarro, Laura Carmona-Quiroga, Paula Crespo-Ibáñez, Ana Pirovano, Michela Fermo, Paola |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Comite, Valeria Borelli, Mattia Lombardi, Chiara Andrea Festa, Elisa Oujja, Mohamed Castillejo, Marta Maestro-Guijarro, Laura Carmona-Quiroga, Paula Crespo-Ibáñez, Ana Pirovano, Michela Fermo, Paola |
| author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
European Commission Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España) Comunidad de Madrid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España) Bergomi, Andrea [0000-0002-1587-4240] Comite, Valeria [0000-0002-9716-0080] Borelli, Mattia [0000-0002-1716-4197] Lombardi, Chiara Andrea [0000-0002-8280-5640] #NODATA# Oujja, Mohamed [0000-0003-3757-4043] #NODATA# Maestro-Guijarro, Laura [0000-0002-0530-3815] Carmona-Quiroga, Paula [0000-0002-9583-7131] #NODATA# #NODATA# Fermo, Paola [0000-0003-2176-9188] |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Cultural heritage Degradation Funerary monuments LIBS Oxidative potential Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development humanities Earth sciences |
| topic |
Cultural heritage Degradation Funerary monuments LIBS Oxidative potential Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development humanities Earth sciences |
| description |
21 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables . -- This article belongs to the Special Issue History, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage |
| publishDate |
2025 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2025 2026 2026 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article Publisher's version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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article |
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publishedVersion |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10261/431469 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105025921945 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10261/431469 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105025921945 |
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Inglés |
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Inglés |
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#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/871034 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-137017OB-I00 TEC-2024/TEC-39/TECHeritage-CM https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8120506 Sí |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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openAccess |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Molecular Diversity Preservation International |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Molecular Diversity Preservation International |
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reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
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Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
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DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
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DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
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1869418297797115904 |
| spelling |
Integrated Comprehensive Characterization of Black Crusts from Milan’s Monumental Cemetery: A Synergistic Approach Combining Conventional and Unconventional Analytical TechniquesBergomi, AndreaComite, ValeriaBorelli, MattiaLombardi, Chiara AndreaFesta, ElisaOujja, MohamedCastillejo, MartaMaestro-Guijarro, LauraCarmona-Quiroga, PaulaCrespo-Ibáñez, AnaPirovano, MichelaFermo, PaolaCultural heritageDegradationFunerary monumentsLIBSOxidative potentialConserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable developmenthumanitiesEarth sciences21 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables . -- This article belongs to the Special Issue History, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural HeritageBlack crusts are degradation features found on stone buildings, offering valuable insights into local pollution sources. Their composition and structure reflect environmental conditions, making them important indicators for environmental and conservation studies. In this study, black crusts collected from funerary monuments in the Monumental Cemetery of Milan were comprehensively characterized using SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy, LIBS, and oxidative potential (OP) assays. SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy revealed extensive degradation of the substrate and the incorporation of pollutant-derived particles, with heavy metals such as Fe, Zn, and Pb detected in more than 90% of the samples. Correlation analysis proved effective in distinguishing major pollution sources, primarily vehicular and railway traffic, indicated by strong associations such as Zn–Mn (r = 0.896), Fe–Zn (r = 0.734), and Fe–Mn (r = 0.655), from minor sources linked to industrial emissions, reflected in correlations including Ti–Pb (r = 0.589), Pb–Cl (r = 0.702), and S–Pb (r = 0.661). Instead, LIBS analysis confirmed stratigraphic penetration of these elements beyond the surface layers, suggesting long-term accumulation. OP assays, applied here for the first time to black crusts, showed values between 0.5 and 3.0 pmol min<sup>−1</sup> µg<sup>−1</sup>, indicating moderate oxidative reactivity linked to metal content. Overall, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of pollution-driven stone decay and support the development of more effective diagnostic and conservation strategies.This work was partly funded by the H2020 European project IPERION HS (Integrated Platform for the European Research Infrastructure ON Heritage Science, GA 871034) through a Fixlab Transnational Access. Funding from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through project PID2022-137017OB-I00/AEI/1013039/501100011033, Regional Government of Madrid through the project TEC Heritage-CM (TEC-2024/TEC-39) and the support by CSIC Platform “Open Heritage: Research and Society” (PTI-PAIS) is also acknowledged. The project was also funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR)—Mission 4 Education and research—Component 2 From research to business—Investment 1.3, Notice D.D. 341 of 15 March 2022, entitled: Cultural Heritage Active Innovation for Sustainable Society proposal code PE0000020-CUPG53C22000430006, duration until 28 February 2026.Peer reviewedMolecular Diversity Preservation InternationalEuropean CommissionAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Comunidad de MadridConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)Bergomi, Andrea [0000-0002-1587-4240]Comite, Valeria [0000-0002-9716-0080]Borelli, Mattia [0000-0002-1716-4197]Lombardi, Chiara Andrea [0000-0002-8280-5640]#NODATA#Oujja, Mohamed [0000-0003-3757-4043]#NODATA#Maestro-Guijarro, Laura [0000-0002-0530-3815]Carmona-Quiroga, Paula [0000-0002-9583-7131]#NODATA##NODATA#Fermo, Paola [0000-0003-2176-9188]202620262025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlePublisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/431469https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105025921945reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/871034info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-137017OB-I00TEC-2024/TEC-39/TECHeritage-CMhttps://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8120506Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:digitalcsic_::b13ed2b80e91984a0d6992f71f280ade2026-05-22T06:33:51Z |
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15,811543 |