Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques

Optical indoor positioning systems have experienced an increasing research interest during last years as they can provide 3D centimeter accuracy using LED lighting. In the case of having several LEDs emitting simultaneously and a receiver (e.g. the tag to be localized), these systems face important...

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Authors: Aparicio Esteve, Elena|||0000-0001-7886-312X, Hernández Alonso, Álvaro|||0000-0001-9308-8133, Ureña Ureña, Jesús|||0000-0003-1408-6039
Format: article
Publication Date:2021
Country:España
Institution:Universidad de Alcalá (UAH)
Repository:e_Buah Biblioteca Digital Universidad de Alcalá
Language:English
OAI Identifier:oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/57888
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10017/57888
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3089223
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Encoding techniques
Indoor 3-D Local Positioning Systems (LPS)
Infrared sensors
Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receiver
Electrónica
Electronics
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spelling Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding TechniquesAparicio Esteve, Elena|||0000-0001-7886-312XHernández Alonso, Álvaro|||0000-0001-9308-8133Ureña Ureña, Jesús|||0000-0003-1408-6039Encoding techniquesIndoor 3-D Local Positioning Systems (LPS)Infrared sensorsQuadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receiverElectrónicaElectronicsOptical indoor positioning systems have experienced an increasing research interest during last years as they can provide 3D centimeter accuracy using LED lighting. In the case of having several LEDs emitting simultaneously and a receiver (e.g. the tag to be localized), these systems face important challenges, such as very high dynamic ranges with low Signal-to-Noise Ratios when the coverage area is increased, Multiple Access Interference (MAI), multipath and near-far effects, calibration issues (misalignments in the receiver and other intrinsic parameters), and so on. Previous work have already shown the feasibility of using LED emitters in combination with Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receivers to implement positioning systems. This work further introduces new design considerations, tested on an experimental setup, to enlarge the emitter-receiver range, thus increasing the total coverage, while dealing with the aforementioned challenges. The system applies encoding techniques to each transmitter to solve the multiple access problem. The performance of two different types of codes has been compared, as well as their influence on the final estimation of the receiver?s position: one based on Kasami sequences and another based on Loosely Synchronous (LS) codes, derived from Complementary Sets of Sequences. At the receiver, the estimation of the incident point is constrained to angles at which the system can be linearized, and a specific calibration process for this type of sensor has also been defined and applied. The proposal has been finally validated with both, simulated and experimental results, in a large space of 2 2m2 (base), with a distance from transmitters to receiver of 3:4m (height). The experimental tests at distances up to 4 m, carried out after the calibration process, achieve average absolute errors bellow 10 cm for X and Y axis and around 20 cm for Z, and standard deviations below 4 cm for X and Y , and around 30 cm for Z.Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciónUniversidad de AlcaláIEEE20212021-06-15journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501NAhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10017/57888https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3089223reponame:e_Buah Biblioteca Digital Universidad de Alcaláinstname:Universidad de Alcalá (UAH)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 RTI2018-095168-B-C51 SISTEMAS DE POSICIONAMIENTO LOCAL: ENFOQUE HOLISTICO DESDE LAS TECNOLOGIAS BASE HASTA LAS APLICACIONESAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2019-105470RA-C33 MEJORANDO Y FOMENTANDO LA VIDA ACTIVA Y BIENESTAR DE LAS PERSONAS CON DEMENCIA Y DETERIORO COGNITIVO LEVE MEDIANTE EL USO DE TECNICAS DE LOCALIZACIONUAH Not available CM-JIN-2019-038UAH Not available CM-JIN-2019-043Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Not available PEJ2018-003459-Aopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/578882026-06-18T11:13:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
title Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
spellingShingle Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
Aparicio Esteve, Elena|||0000-0001-7886-312X
Encoding techniques
Indoor 3-D Local Positioning Systems (LPS)
Infrared sensors
Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receiver
Electrónica
Electronics
title_short Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
title_full Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
title_fullStr Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
title_full_unstemmed Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
title_sort Design, Calibration, and Evaluation of a Long-Range 3-D Infrared Positioning System Based on Encoding Techniques
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Aparicio Esteve, Elena|||0000-0001-7886-312X
Hernández Alonso, Álvaro|||0000-0001-9308-8133
Ureña Ureña, Jesús|||0000-0003-1408-6039
author Aparicio Esteve, Elena|||0000-0001-7886-312X
author_facet Aparicio Esteve, Elena|||0000-0001-7886-312X
Hernández Alonso, Álvaro|||0000-0001-9308-8133
Ureña Ureña, Jesús|||0000-0003-1408-6039
author_role author
author2 Hernández Alonso, Álvaro|||0000-0001-9308-8133
Ureña Ureña, Jesús|||0000-0003-1408-6039
author2_role author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Encoding techniques
Indoor 3-D Local Positioning Systems (LPS)
Infrared sensors
Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receiver
Electrónica
Electronics
topic Encoding techniques
Indoor 3-D Local Positioning Systems (LPS)
Infrared sensors
Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receiver
Electrónica
Electronics
description Optical indoor positioning systems have experienced an increasing research interest during last years as they can provide 3D centimeter accuracy using LED lighting. In the case of having several LEDs emitting simultaneously and a receiver (e.g. the tag to be localized), these systems face important challenges, such as very high dynamic ranges with low Signal-to-Noise Ratios when the coverage area is increased, Multiple Access Interference (MAI), multipath and near-far effects, calibration issues (misalignments in the receiver and other intrinsic parameters), and so on. Previous work have already shown the feasibility of using LED emitters in combination with Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture (QADA) receivers to implement positioning systems. This work further introduces new design considerations, tested on an experimental setup, to enlarge the emitter-receiver range, thus increasing the total coverage, while dealing with the aforementioned challenges. The system applies encoding techniques to each transmitter to solve the multiple access problem. The performance of two different types of codes has been compared, as well as their influence on the final estimation of the receiver?s position: one based on Kasami sequences and another based on Loosely Synchronous (LS) codes, derived from Complementary Sets of Sequences. At the receiver, the estimation of the incident point is constrained to angles at which the system can be linearized, and a specific calibration process for this type of sensor has also been defined and applied. The proposal has been finally validated with both, simulated and experimental results, in a large space of 2 2m2 (base), with a distance from transmitters to receiver of 3:4m (height). The experimental tests at distances up to 4 m, carried out after the calibration process, achieve average absolute errors bellow 10 cm for X and Y axis and around 20 cm for Z, and standard deviations below 4 cm for X and Y , and around 30 cm for Z.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2021
2021-06-15
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
NA
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10017/57888
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3089223
url http://hdl.handle.net/10017/57888
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3089223
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 RTI2018-095168-B-C51 SISTEMAS DE POSICIONAMIENTO LOCAL: ENFOQUE HOLISTICO DESDE LAS TECNOLOGIAS BASE HASTA LAS APLICACIONES
Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2019-105470RA-C33 MEJORANDO Y FOMENTANDO LA VIDA ACTIVA Y BIENESTAR DE LAS PERSONAS CON DEMENCIA Y DETERIORO COGNITIVO LEVE MEDIANTE EL USO DE TECNICAS DE LOCALIZACION
UAH Not available CM-JIN-2019-038
UAH Not available CM-JIN-2019-043
Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Not available PEJ2018-003459-A
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv IEEE
publisher.none.fl_str_mv IEEE
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:e_Buah Biblioteca Digital Universidad de Alcalá
instname:Universidad de Alcalá (UAH)
instname_str Universidad de Alcalá (UAH)
reponame_str e_Buah Biblioteca Digital Universidad de Alcalá
collection e_Buah Biblioteca Digital Universidad de Alcalá
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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