Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors

(English) Despite the extensive research in the semiconductor industry, Moore’s law is finally slowing down due to increased complexity. Hence, intense efforts are being carried out to explore hybrid solutions by adding additional functionalities to the existing silicon plat- form to keep up with th...

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Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor: Agarwal, Hitesh
Formato: tesis doctoral
Fecha de publicación:2023
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/396564
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/396564
https://dx.doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-396564
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
title Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
spellingShingle Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
Agarwal, Hitesh
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física
title_short Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
title_full Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
title_fullStr Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
title_full_unstemmed Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
title_sort Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectors
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Agarwal, Hitesh
author Agarwal, Hitesh
author_facet Agarwal, Hitesh
author_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Koppens, Frank H. L.
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física
topic Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física
description (English) Despite the extensive research in the semiconductor industry, Moore’s law is finally slowing down due to increased complexity. Hence, intense efforts are being carried out to explore hybrid solutions by adding additional functionalities to the existing silicon plat- form to keep up with the growing demand. It is colloquially called as ’Beyond Moore’ phase. This thesis is a humble attempt to propose graphene, a single atomic sheet of carbon, as an excellent candidate for the ’Beyond Moore’ phase optoelectronic applications. In particular, we demonstrate graphene-based optical interconnects: photodetectors and modulators for data communication applications and broadband infrared sensors for hyperspectral space astronomy. Graphene has the highest room temperature mobility known to us, is complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible, and has rich electronic and optoelectronic properties. In the first part of this thesis, we used graphene as an active element with a passive silicon waveguide platform to demonstrate electro-absorption modulators and photodetectors. We developed a novel dielectric combination by integrating 2D material with 3D oxides, which enabled us to build a high-quality clean interface with graphene and high-¿ properties. This helped us to overcome fundamental limitations and demonstrate a high modulation efficiency (~ 2.2 dB/V) and high speed (39 GHz) in the same device, surpassing other CMOS-based modulators. In the case of the photodetector, we demonstrated a photo thermoelectric effect (PTE) based detector with high responsivity (55 mA/W) and a set up limited bandwidth of 40 GHz. In the second part of the thesis, we address the perpetual issue of limited light absorption in graphene by demonstrating the first 3D photoconductor based on decoupled bilayer graphene layers with 2D-like properties. Due to the asymmetric environment experienced by our decoupled bilayer graphene layers, they perceive a strong internal crystal field, which results in an intrinsic bandgap opening. We exploited this bandgap to observe a giant photoconductive photoresponse in a broad wavelength range from 2 to 150 µm. This is the first reported alternative to slow and expensive thermal detectors for broadband operation and could be instrumental for hyperspectral imaging and infrared astronomy, bringing us one step closer to unveiling the secrets of the universe. Finally, we reported a strong photoresponse in the out-of-equilibrium criticality state in graphene superlattices at high bias. We found that the criticality state shifts with a change in temperature or light, resulting in a photoresponse, impersonating transition-edge behaviour, which can be potentially interesting for THz single-photon detection in future.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2023
2023-01-23
2023
2023-11-16
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv doctoral thesis
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
format doctoralThesis
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/396564
https://dx.doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-396564
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/396564
https://dx.doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-396564
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
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dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
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spelling Graphene based optical interconnects and IR photodetectorsAgarwal, HiteshÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física(English) Despite the extensive research in the semiconductor industry, Moore’s law is finally slowing down due to increased complexity. Hence, intense efforts are being carried out to explore hybrid solutions by adding additional functionalities to the existing silicon plat- form to keep up with the growing demand. It is colloquially called as ’Beyond Moore’ phase. This thesis is a humble attempt to propose graphene, a single atomic sheet of carbon, as an excellent candidate for the ’Beyond Moore’ phase optoelectronic applications. In particular, we demonstrate graphene-based optical interconnects: photodetectors and modulators for data communication applications and broadband infrared sensors for hyperspectral space astronomy. Graphene has the highest room temperature mobility known to us, is complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible, and has rich electronic and optoelectronic properties. In the first part of this thesis, we used graphene as an active element with a passive silicon waveguide platform to demonstrate electro-absorption modulators and photodetectors. We developed a novel dielectric combination by integrating 2D material with 3D oxides, which enabled us to build a high-quality clean interface with graphene and high-¿ properties. This helped us to overcome fundamental limitations and demonstrate a high modulation efficiency (~ 2.2 dB/V) and high speed (39 GHz) in the same device, surpassing other CMOS-based modulators. In the case of the photodetector, we demonstrated a photo thermoelectric effect (PTE) based detector with high responsivity (55 mA/W) and a set up limited bandwidth of 40 GHz. In the second part of the thesis, we address the perpetual issue of limited light absorption in graphene by demonstrating the first 3D photoconductor based on decoupled bilayer graphene layers with 2D-like properties. Due to the asymmetric environment experienced by our decoupled bilayer graphene layers, they perceive a strong internal crystal field, which results in an intrinsic bandgap opening. We exploited this bandgap to observe a giant photoconductive photoresponse in a broad wavelength range from 2 to 150 µm. This is the first reported alternative to slow and expensive thermal detectors for broadband operation and could be instrumental for hyperspectral imaging and infrared astronomy, bringing us one step closer to unveiling the secrets of the universe. Finally, we reported a strong photoresponse in the out-of-equilibrium criticality state in graphene superlattices at high bias. We found that the criticality state shifts with a change in temperature or light, resulting in a photoresponse, impersonating transition-edge behaviour, which can be potentially interesting for THz single-photon detection in future.(Español) A pesar de la amplia investigación en la industría de los semiconductores, la ley de Moore finalmente se está desacelerando debido a una mayor complejidad en la fabricación. Por ello, se está realizando un gran esfuerzo para explorar soluciones híbridas, es decir, agregando funcionalidades adicionales a la plataforma del silicio ya existente, para mantener respuesta a la creciente demanda. Esto se conoce coloquialmente como la fase ‘Más allá de Moore’. Esta tesis propone al grafeno - una capa monoatómica de carbono - como un excelente candidato para las aplicaciones optoelectrónicas de la fase ‘Más allá de Moore’. En particular, demostramos interconexiones ópticas basadas en grafeno: fotodetectores y moduladores para aplicaciones en comunicación de datos y sensores infrarrojos de banda ancha para astronomía espacial hiperespectral. El grafeno posee la movilidad electrónica a temperatura ambiente más alta que conocemos, es compatible con el la plataforma de 'semiconductor complementario de óxido metálico' (CMOS) y tiene magníficas propiedades electrónicas y optoelectrónicas. En la primera parte de esta tesis, usamos grafeno como elemento activo sobre una plataforma de guía de ondas pasiva de silicio para demostrar su utlididad en moduladores de electroabsorción y fotodetectores. Desarrollamos una novedosa combinación de dieléctricosmediante la integración de materiales 2D con óxidos 3D, lo que nos permitió obtener una interfaz limpia y de alta calidad con grafeno, y propiedades de alto-¿. Esto nos ayudó a superar limitaciones fundamentales y conseguimos demostrar una alta eficiencia de modulación (~ 2.2 dB/V) y una alta velocidad (39 GHz) en el mismo dispositivo, superando a otros moduladores basados en CMOS. En lo referente a los fotodetectores, demostramos un detector basado en el efecto foto termoeléctrico (PTE) con alta responsividad (55 mA/W) y un ancho de banda de 40 GHz limitado por los instruementos de medida. En la segunda parte de la tesis, abordamos el problema perpetuo de la baja absorción de luz en el grafeno al demostrar el primer fotoconductor 3D basado en capas de grafeno bicapa desacopladas entre ellas, con propiedades similares a las de 2D. Debido al entorno asimétrico que experimentan las bicapas de grafeno, estas perciben un fuerte campo cristalino interno, lo que resulta en la aparición una banda prohibida intrínseca. Aprovechamos esta banda prohibida para observar una gran respuesta fotoconductora en un amplio rango de longitudes de onda, de 2 a 150 µm. Esto supone la primera alternativa para los lentos y costosos detectores térmicos de banda ancha. Esto podría significar un paso fundamental para la obtención de imágenes hiperespectrales y en la astronomía de infrarrojos, acercándonos un paso más a revelar los secretos del universo. Finalmente, encontramos una gran fotorrespuesta en el estado crítico fuera del equilibrio en superredes de grafeno bajo un alto bias. Encontramos que el estado crítico cambia con la temperatura o la luz, lo que da como resultado una fotorrespuesta, imitando el comportamiento propio del borde de transición, el cual puede ser potencialmente interesante para la detección de fotones únicos de THz en el futuro.Universitat Politècnica de CatalunyaKoppens, Frank H. L.20232023-01-2320232023-11-16doctoral thesishttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/396564https://dx.doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-396564reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/3965642026-05-27T15:37:01Z
score 15.301603

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