Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review

Due to the ubiquitous presence of lithium‐ion batteries in portable applications, and their implementation in the transportation and large‐scale energy sectors, the future cost and availability of lithium is currently under debate. Lithium demand is expected to grow in the near future, up to 900 kto...

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Authors: Battistel, Alberto, Palagonia, Maria Sofia, Brogioli, Doriano, La Mantia, Fabio, Trócoli, Rafael
Format: article
Status:Published version
Publication Date:2020
Country:España
Institution:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repository:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/211937
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/211937
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Brine
Electrochemical methods
Lithium extraction
Lithium recovery
Sustainable mining
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spelling Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical ReviewBattistel, AlbertoPalagonia, Maria SofiaBrogioli, DorianoLa Mantia, FabioTrócoli, RafaelBrineElectrochemical methodsLithium extractionLithium recoverySustainable miningDue to the ubiquitous presence of lithium‐ion batteries in portable applications, and their implementation in the transportation and large‐scale energy sectors, the future cost and availability of lithium is currently under debate. Lithium demand is expected to grow in the near future, up to 900 ktons per year in 2025. Lithium utilization would depend on a strong increase in production. However, the currently most extended lithium extraction method, the lime‐soda evaporation process, requires a period of time in the range of 1–2 years and depends on weather conditions. The actual global production of lithium by this technology will soon be far exceeded by market demand. Alternative production methods have recently attracted great attention. Among them, electrochemical lithium recovery, based on electrochemical ion‐pumping technology, offers higher capacity production, it does not require the use of chemicals for the regeneration of the materials, reduces the consumption of water and the production of chemical wastes, and allows the production rate to be controlled, attending to the market demand. Here, this technology is analyzed with a special focus on the methodology, materials employed, and reactor designs. The state‐of‐the‐art is reevaluated from a critical perspective and the viability of the different proposed methodologies analyzed.The financial support of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska‐Curie (Grant Agreement No. 665919) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors acknowledge the free distribution of VESTA software.Peer reviewedWiley-VCHEuropean CommissionConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202020202020info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/211937reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/665919info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/SEV-2015-0496http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905440Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/2119372026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
title Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
spellingShingle Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
Battistel, Alberto
Brine
Electrochemical methods
Lithium extraction
Lithium recovery
Sustainable mining
title_short Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
title_full Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
title_fullStr Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
title_full_unstemmed Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
title_sort Electrochemical Methods for Lithium Recovery: A Comprehensive and Critical Review
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Battistel, Alberto
Palagonia, Maria Sofia
Brogioli, Doriano
La Mantia, Fabio
Trócoli, Rafael
author Battistel, Alberto
author_facet Battistel, Alberto
Palagonia, Maria Sofia
Brogioli, Doriano
La Mantia, Fabio
Trócoli, Rafael
author_role author
author2 Palagonia, Maria Sofia
Brogioli, Doriano
La Mantia, Fabio
Trócoli, Rafael
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Commission
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Brine
Electrochemical methods
Lithium extraction
Lithium recovery
Sustainable mining
topic Brine
Electrochemical methods
Lithium extraction
Lithium recovery
Sustainable mining
description Due to the ubiquitous presence of lithium‐ion batteries in portable applications, and their implementation in the transportation and large‐scale energy sectors, the future cost and availability of lithium is currently under debate. Lithium demand is expected to grow in the near future, up to 900 ktons per year in 2025. Lithium utilization would depend on a strong increase in production. However, the currently most extended lithium extraction method, the lime‐soda evaporation process, requires a period of time in the range of 1–2 years and depends on weather conditions. The actual global production of lithium by this technology will soon be far exceeded by market demand. Alternative production methods have recently attracted great attention. Among them, electrochemical lithium recovery, based on electrochemical ion‐pumping technology, offers higher capacity production, it does not require the use of chemicals for the regeneration of the materials, reduces the consumption of water and the production of chemical wastes, and allows the production rate to be controlled, attending to the market demand. Here, this technology is analyzed with a special focus on the methodology, materials employed, and reactor designs. The state‐of‐the‐art is reevaluated from a critical perspective and the viability of the different proposed methodologies analyzed.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2020
2020
2020
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/211937
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/211937
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/665919
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/SEV-2015-0496
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905440
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-VCH
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-VCH
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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