Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic

There is a widely accepted belief in new technologies that the digital divide in using a service will disappear as the service reaches an advanced level of maturity. The work presented here shows that this idea is debatable. Data from Spain, a country where daily internet users are 75.9 percent of t...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Garín Muñoz, María Teresa, Pérez Amaral, Teodosio, Valarezo Unda, Angel
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2022
País:España
Institución:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Repositorio:e-spacio. Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:e-spacio.uned.es:20.500.14468/23898
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/23898
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:53 Ciencias Económicas
internet penetration
gender gap
digital divide
internet services
panel data
Covid-19
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spelling Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemicGarín Muñoz, María TeresaPérez Amaral, TeodosioValarezo Unda, Angel53 Ciencias Económicasinternet penetrationgender gapdigital divideinternet servicespanel dataCovid-19There is a widely accepted belief in new technologies that the digital divide in using a service will disappear as the service reaches an advanced level of maturity. The work presented here shows that this idea is debatable. Data from Spain, a country where daily internet users are 75.9 percent of the population, prove that the gender gap still exists. The paper explores if this gap can be entirely explained by the socioeconomic differences between men and women. We build a micro panel model and incorporate a set of socioeconomic variables (age, education, income, employment status, digital skills, and resident population) that allow us to isolate the effects of gender on the decision to become a daily Internet user. The results conclude that the Internet gap is a phenomenon with a specific gender component. Other things being equal a woman negatively affects the probability of using the Internet. Applying a similar model to 15 Internet services, we obtain that gender is always significant to explain the likelihood of being a user of each service. However, in some services (7 out of 15), the effect is favorable to women, and for other services (8), the gender effect favors men. The work concludes by analyzing the impact of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on the use of Internet services, paying particular attention to its possible implications for the gender gap.ELSEVIERhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8315-8134e-Spacio UNED20242024-10-0420222022-01-0120222022-01-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/23898reponame:e-spacio. Repositorio Institucional de la UNEDinstname:Universidad Nacional de Educación a DistanciaInglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.esoai:e-spacio.uned.es:20.500.14468/238982026-06-06T12:38:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
title Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
spellingShingle Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
Garín Muñoz, María Teresa
53 Ciencias Económicas
internet penetration
gender gap
digital divide
internet services
panel data
Covid-19
title_short Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
title_full Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
title_fullStr Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
title_sort Evolution of the internet gender gaps in Spain and effects of the Covid-19 pandemic
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Garín Muñoz, María Teresa
Pérez Amaral, Teodosio
Valarezo Unda, Angel
author Garín Muñoz, María Teresa
author_facet Garín Muñoz, María Teresa
Pérez Amaral, Teodosio
Valarezo Unda, Angel
author_role author
author2 Pérez Amaral, Teodosio
Valarezo Unda, Angel
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8315-8134
e-Spacio UNED
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 53 Ciencias Económicas
internet penetration
gender gap
digital divide
internet services
panel data
Covid-19
topic 53 Ciencias Económicas
internet penetration
gender gap
digital divide
internet services
panel data
Covid-19
description There is a widely accepted belief in new technologies that the digital divide in using a service will disappear as the service reaches an advanced level of maturity. The work presented here shows that this idea is debatable. Data from Spain, a country where daily internet users are 75.9 percent of the population, prove that the gender gap still exists. The paper explores if this gap can be entirely explained by the socioeconomic differences between men and women. We build a micro panel model and incorporate a set of socioeconomic variables (age, education, income, employment status, digital skills, and resident population) that allow us to isolate the effects of gender on the decision to become a daily Internet user. The results conclude that the Internet gap is a phenomenon with a specific gender component. Other things being equal a woman negatively affects the probability of using the Internet. Applying a similar model to 15 Internet services, we obtain that gender is always significant to explain the likelihood of being a user of each service. However, in some services (7 out of 15), the effect is favorable to women, and for other services (8), the gender effect favors men. The work concludes by analyzing the impact of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on the use of Internet services, paying particular attention to its possible implications for the gender gap.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022
2022-01-01
2022
2022-01-01
2024
2024-10-04
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/23898
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/23898
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv ELSEVIER
publisher.none.fl_str_mv ELSEVIER
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:e-spacio. Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
instname:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
instname_str Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
reponame_str e-spacio. Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
collection e-spacio. Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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