Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags

In this article, a comparative analysis of pulse position modulation demodulation algorithms tailored for ultra-low-power applications is presented, specifically in the context of bidirectional acoustic tags developed to improve marine biotelemetry data acquisition. Various algorithms and techniques...

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Autores: Batet Xaus, Gerard|||0000-0001-5428-5249, Martínez Padró, Enoc|||0000-0003-1233-7105, Sarriá Gandul, David|||0000-0001-9965-2479, Gomáriz Castro, Spartacus|||0000-0001-9765-2176, Río Fernández, Joaquín del|||0000-0002-6191-2201, Masmitjà Rusiñol, Ivan|||0000-0001-6355-7955
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/452181
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/452181
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652791
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Underwater communications
Low-power
Acoustic biotelemetry
Bidirectional acoustic tag
Signal processing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Radiocomunicació i exploració electromagnètica::Teledetecció
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica
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network_acronym_str ES
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repository_id_str
spelling Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tagsBatet Xaus, Gerard|||0000-0001-5428-5249Martínez Padró, Enoc|||0000-0003-1233-7105Sarriá Gandul, David|||0000-0001-9965-2479Gomáriz Castro, Spartacus|||0000-0001-9765-2176Río Fernández, Joaquín del|||0000-0002-6191-2201Masmitjà Rusiñol, Ivan|||0000-0001-6355-7955Underwater communicationsLow-powerAcoustic biotelemetryBidirectional acoustic tagSignal processingÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Radiocomunicació i exploració electromagnètica::TeledeteccióÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàticaIn this article, a comparative analysis of pulse position modulation demodulation algorithms tailored for ultra-low-power applications is presented, specifically in the context of bidirectional acoustic tags developed to improve marine biotelemetry data acquisition. Various algorithms and techniques were evaluated, with the three most theoretically efficient methods tested using a simplified acoustic transmission model and validated against qualitative field data. The two algorithms demonstrating the highest detection performance were subsequently implemented on a bidirectional acoustic tag prototype, where power measurements were conducted to identify the method offering the optimal balance between signal detectability and energy consumption. The results show that the Göertzel algorithm achieves detection performance equivalent to the FFT-based approach while offering significantly improved energy efficiency, operating at a reduced microcontroller clock frequency of 16 MHz, compared to the 24 MHz required by the FFT implementation.This work was supported in part by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (BITER-ECO, BITER-LANDER, and BITER-AUV) under Grant PID2020-114732RBC31, Grant PID2020-114732RBC32, and Grant PID2020-114732RBC33; in part by the Generalitat de Catalunya’s ‘‘SARTI-MAR’’ under Grant 2021 SGR 00259; in part by the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya, on FI-SDUR under Grant BDNS 612831 (GB); in part by Spanish National Program Ramón y Cajal under Grant RYC2022-038056-I (IM); and in part by the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence Accreditation funded by AEI 10.13039/501100011033 under Grant CEX2024-001494-S.Peer ReviewedInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)20262026-01-2120262026-01-30journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/452181https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652791reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-114732RB-C31 ESFUERZO CONJUNTO ENTRE BIOLOGIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA MONITOREAR Y RECUPERAR ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS IMPACTADOS POR LA PESCA: CONECTIVIDAD ESPACIAL E INDICADORES ECOLOGICOSAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-114732RB-C33 ESFUERZO CONJUNTO ENTRE BIOLOGIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA MONITOREAR Y RECUPERAR ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS IMPACTADOS POR LA PESCA: VEHICULOS AUTONOMOS ADAPTATIVOSAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-114732RB-C32 ESFUERZO CONJUNTO ENTRE BIOLOGIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA MONITOREAR Y RECUPERAR ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS IMPACTADOS POR LA PESCA: PLATAFORMAS MULTIPARAMETRICAS DE OBSERVACIONopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/4521812026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
title Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
spellingShingle Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
Batet Xaus, Gerard|||0000-0001-5428-5249
Underwater communications
Low-power
Acoustic biotelemetry
Bidirectional acoustic tag
Signal processing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Radiocomunicació i exploració electromagnètica::Teledetecció
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica
title_short Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
title_full Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
title_fullStr Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
title_full_unstemmed Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
title_sort Comparative analysis of ultra-low-power PPM demodulation algorithms applied to underwater biotelemetry systems’ bidirectional acoustic tags
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Batet Xaus, Gerard|||0000-0001-5428-5249
Martínez Padró, Enoc|||0000-0003-1233-7105
Sarriá Gandul, David|||0000-0001-9965-2479
Gomáriz Castro, Spartacus|||0000-0001-9765-2176
Río Fernández, Joaquín del|||0000-0002-6191-2201
Masmitjà Rusiñol, Ivan|||0000-0001-6355-7955
author Batet Xaus, Gerard|||0000-0001-5428-5249
author_facet Batet Xaus, Gerard|||0000-0001-5428-5249
Martínez Padró, Enoc|||0000-0003-1233-7105
Sarriá Gandul, David|||0000-0001-9965-2479
Gomáriz Castro, Spartacus|||0000-0001-9765-2176
Río Fernández, Joaquín del|||0000-0002-6191-2201
Masmitjà Rusiñol, Ivan|||0000-0001-6355-7955
author_role author
author2 Martínez Padró, Enoc|||0000-0003-1233-7105
Sarriá Gandul, David|||0000-0001-9965-2479
Gomáriz Castro, Spartacus|||0000-0001-9765-2176
Río Fernández, Joaquín del|||0000-0002-6191-2201
Masmitjà Rusiñol, Ivan|||0000-0001-6355-7955
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Underwater communications
Low-power
Acoustic biotelemetry
Bidirectional acoustic tag
Signal processing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Radiocomunicació i exploració electromagnètica::Teledetecció
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica
topic Underwater communications
Low-power
Acoustic biotelemetry
Bidirectional acoustic tag
Signal processing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Radiocomunicació i exploració electromagnètica::Teledetecció
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica
description In this article, a comparative analysis of pulse position modulation demodulation algorithms tailored for ultra-low-power applications is presented, specifically in the context of bidirectional acoustic tags developed to improve marine biotelemetry data acquisition. Various algorithms and techniques were evaluated, with the three most theoretically efficient methods tested using a simplified acoustic transmission model and validated against qualitative field data. The two algorithms demonstrating the highest detection performance were subsequently implemented on a bidirectional acoustic tag prototype, where power measurements were conducted to identify the method offering the optimal balance between signal detectability and energy consumption. The results show that the Göertzel algorithm achieves detection performance equivalent to the FFT-based approach while offering significantly improved energy efficiency, operating at a reduced microcontroller clock frequency of 16 MHz, compared to the 24 MHz required by the FFT implementation.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026-01-21
2026
2026-01-30
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/452181
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652791
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/452181
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2026.3652791
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-114732RB-C31 ESFUERZO CONJUNTO ENTRE BIOLOGIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA MONITOREAR Y RECUPERAR ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS IMPACTADOS POR LA PESCA: CONECTIVIDAD ESPACIAL E INDICADORES ECOLOGICOS
Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-114732RB-C33 ESFUERZO CONJUNTO ENTRE BIOLOGIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA MONITOREAR Y RECUPERAR ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS IMPACTADOS POR LA PESCA: VEHICULOS AUTONOMOS ADAPTATIVOS
Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2020-114732RB-C32 ESFUERZO CONJUNTO ENTRE BIOLOGIA Y TECNOLOGIA PARA MONITOREAR Y RECUPERAR ESPECIES Y ECOSISTEMAS IMPACTADOS POR LA PESCA: PLATAFORMAS MULTIPARAMETRICAS DE OBSERVACION
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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