Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data

Background and aim We combined wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and pharmaceutical dispensing records to distinguish between illicit and prescription drug use. Methods We collected 24-h composite wastewater samples during three one-week campaigns in a prison in northern Spain. Samples were analys...

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Autores: Egaña, Iker, Nogales-García, Maite, Akhrimenko, Vladimir, González Gómez, Xiana, Rodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario, Montes Goyanes, Rosa, Quintana Álvarez, José Benito, Mestre-Pintó, Juan Ignacio, Orive, Gorka, Lertxundi, Unax
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
Repositorio:Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:minerva_____::5a51642272863e5dfdb20297154472e7
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/10347/46828
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Wastewater based epidemiology
Drugs & prison
Drug trafficking
Gabapentinoids
Illicit drugs
Alcohol
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spelling Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing dataEgaña, IkerNogales-García, MaiteAkhrimenko, VladimirGonzález Gómez, XianaRodil Rodríguez, María del RosarioMontes Goyanes, RosaQuintana Álvarez, José BenitoMestre-Pintó, Juan IgnacioOrive, GorkaLertxundi, UnaxWastewater based epidemiologyDrugs & prisonDrug traffickingGabapentinoidsIllicit drugsAlcoholBackground and aim We combined wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and pharmaceutical dispensing records to distinguish between illicit and prescription drug use. Methods We collected 24-h composite wastewater samples during three one-week campaigns in a prison in northern Spain. Samples were analysed for pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, nicotine and alcohol. Population-normalised daily loads (PNDLs) were converted to consumption estimates and compared with Spanish population WBE estimates and pharmacy dispensing data. Results Wastewater analysis showed high use of several pharmaceuticals, with the highest average PNDL for gabapentinoids. Pregabalin and gabapentin estimates from wastewater exceeded pharmacy dispensing, suggesting internal diversion. Cannabis consumption was about four times higher than community estimates and cocaine was also higher in all campaigns. Ketamine and MDMA use were above community medians during the February campaign and nicotine use was nearly ten times higher than community levels. Conclusion WBE identifies prescription drug diversion, illicit drug markets and quantifies licit substance use in prisons.ElsevierUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Investigación do Medio Acuático para Unha Saúde Global (iARCUS)Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía20262026-04-1220262026-04-12journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/10347/46828reponame:Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostelainstname:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2© 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:minerva_____::5a51642272863e5dfdb20297154472e72026-06-15T12:47:27Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
title Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
spellingShingle Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
Egaña, Iker
Wastewater based epidemiology
Drugs & prison
Drug trafficking
Gabapentinoids
Illicit drugs
Alcohol
title_short Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
title_full Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
title_fullStr Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
title_full_unstemmed Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
title_sort Tracing illicit and prescription drug use in a Spanish prison by combining wastewater analysis and pharmaceutical dispensing data
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Egaña, Iker
Nogales-García, Maite
Akhrimenko, Vladimir
González Gómez, Xiana
Rodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario
Montes Goyanes, Rosa
Quintana Álvarez, José Benito
Mestre-Pintó, Juan Ignacio
Orive, Gorka
Lertxundi, Unax
author Egaña, Iker
author_facet Egaña, Iker
Nogales-García, Maite
Akhrimenko, Vladimir
González Gómez, Xiana
Rodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario
Montes Goyanes, Rosa
Quintana Álvarez, José Benito
Mestre-Pintó, Juan Ignacio
Orive, Gorka
Lertxundi, Unax
author_role author
author2 Nogales-García, Maite
Akhrimenko, Vladimir
González Gómez, Xiana
Rodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario
Montes Goyanes, Rosa
Quintana Álvarez, José Benito
Mestre-Pintó, Juan Ignacio
Orive, Gorka
Lertxundi, Unax
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Investigación do Medio Acuático para Unha Saúde Global (iARCUS)
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Wastewater based epidemiology
Drugs & prison
Drug trafficking
Gabapentinoids
Illicit drugs
Alcohol
topic Wastewater based epidemiology
Drugs & prison
Drug trafficking
Gabapentinoids
Illicit drugs
Alcohol
description Background and aim We combined wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and pharmaceutical dispensing records to distinguish between illicit and prescription drug use. Methods We collected 24-h composite wastewater samples during three one-week campaigns in a prison in northern Spain. Samples were analysed for pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, nicotine and alcohol. Population-normalised daily loads (PNDLs) were converted to consumption estimates and compared with Spanish population WBE estimates and pharmacy dispensing data. Results Wastewater analysis showed high use of several pharmaceuticals, with the highest average PNDL for gabapentinoids. Pregabalin and gabapentin estimates from wastewater exceeded pharmacy dispensing, suggesting internal diversion. Cannabis consumption was about four times higher than community estimates and cocaine was also higher in all campaigns. Ketamine and MDMA use were above community medians during the February campaign and nicotine use was nearly ten times higher than community levels. Conclusion WBE identifies prescription drug diversion, illicit drug markets and quantifies licit substance use in prisons.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026-04-12
2026
2026-04-12
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10347/46828
url https://hdl.handle.net/10347/46828
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
instname:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
instname_str Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
reponame_str Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
collection Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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