Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products

The potential occurrence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) within healthcare and sanitary products labelled as containing bulk ZnO has become an emerging issue, due to their controversial biotoxicity derived from their recently reported enzyme-like behaviour. To monitor and shed light on it, a mu...

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Authors: Sánchez Cachero, Armando, Bartolomé Díaz, Manuel, Fernández-Pacheco Rodríguez, Pilar, Arévalo Villena, María, Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios, Rosa del Carmen, Villaseñor Llerena, María Jesús, Ríos Castro, Ángel
Format: article
Publication Date:2026
Country:España
Institution:Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
Repository:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:ruidera_____::59e81a227c4fa2567acb8230734959eb
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129922
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914026005783
https://hdl.handle.net/10578/48370
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Antimicrobial activity
Catalytic nanozymes
Nanobiotoxicity
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
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spelling Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary productsSánchez Cachero, ArmandoBartolomé Díaz, ManuelFernández-Pacheco Rodríguez, PilarArévalo Villena, MaríaRodríguez Martín-Doimeadios, Rosa del CarmenVillaseñor Llerena, María JesúsRíos Castro, ÁngelAntimicrobial activityCatalytic nanozymesNanobiotoxicitySingle particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryZinc oxide nanoparticlesThe potential occurrence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) within healthcare and sanitary products labelled as containing bulk ZnO has become an emerging issue, due to their controversial biotoxicity derived from their recently reported enzyme-like behaviour. To monitor and shed light on it, a multidisciplinary approach has been devised in the present work. Firstly, biotoxicity tests of bulk ZnO and ZnONPs were performed on nine different microorganism strains (yeasts and bacteria), characteristic pathogen and commensal human microbiota inhabiting affected human tissues. Secondly, assorted commercial healthcare and sanitary products containing bulk ZnO (with undeclared ZnONPs) were analyzed by single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). With this aim, an ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction using Triton X-100 1% was applied, and commercial ZnONP powder was used as an internal quality control material. The evaluation of analytical performance features in terms of trueness (particle number concentration and equivalent size), precision, and limits of detection in size and concentration proves the suitability of the methodology regarding preservation of native size, size distribution, and number of NPs. Biotoxicity assays evidenced higher inhibition halos for ZnONPs than for bulk ZnO with a clear size-dependent NPs behaviour and substantial variability in bacterial susceptibility. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) needed to act on pathogens resulted clearly able to compromise commensal microbiota. Hence, the obtained findings reveal potential toxicity risks and the need to control them using appropriate tools, as some commercial samples presented ZnONP percentages outside of a safety scenario, as well as the advisability of reassessing the legal framework.Elsevier202620262026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129922https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914026005783https://hdl.handle.net/10578/48370reponame:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLMinstname:Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaInglésLos autores desean agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España (PID2022–138761NBI00), a la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (SBPLY/23/180225/000153) y a la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (2025-GRIN-38466), en asociación con FEDER, por el apoyo financiero.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:ruidera_____::59e81a227c4fa2567acb8230734959eb2026-05-27T07:36:41Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
title Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
spellingShingle Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
Sánchez Cachero, Armando
Antimicrobial activity
Catalytic nanozymes
Nanobiotoxicity
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
title_short Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
title_full Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
title_fullStr Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
title_full_unstemmed Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
title_sort Insights into the occurrence and biotoxicity impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles within healthcare and sanitary products
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Sánchez Cachero, Armando
Bartolomé Díaz, Manuel
Fernández-Pacheco Rodríguez, Pilar
Arévalo Villena, María
Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios, Rosa del Carmen
Villaseñor Llerena, María Jesús
Ríos Castro, Ángel
author Sánchez Cachero, Armando
author_facet Sánchez Cachero, Armando
Bartolomé Díaz, Manuel
Fernández-Pacheco Rodríguez, Pilar
Arévalo Villena, María
Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios, Rosa del Carmen
Villaseñor Llerena, María Jesús
Ríos Castro, Ángel
author_role author
author2 Bartolomé Díaz, Manuel
Fernández-Pacheco Rodríguez, Pilar
Arévalo Villena, María
Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios, Rosa del Carmen
Villaseñor Llerena, María Jesús
Ríos Castro, Ángel
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Antimicrobial activity
Catalytic nanozymes
Nanobiotoxicity
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
topic Antimicrobial activity
Catalytic nanozymes
Nanobiotoxicity
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
description The potential occurrence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) within healthcare and sanitary products labelled as containing bulk ZnO has become an emerging issue, due to their controversial biotoxicity derived from their recently reported enzyme-like behaviour. To monitor and shed light on it, a multidisciplinary approach has been devised in the present work. Firstly, biotoxicity tests of bulk ZnO and ZnONPs were performed on nine different microorganism strains (yeasts and bacteria), characteristic pathogen and commensal human microbiota inhabiting affected human tissues. Secondly, assorted commercial healthcare and sanitary products containing bulk ZnO (with undeclared ZnONPs) were analyzed by single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS). With this aim, an ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction using Triton X-100 1% was applied, and commercial ZnONP powder was used as an internal quality control material. The evaluation of analytical performance features in terms of trueness (particle number concentration and equivalent size), precision, and limits of detection in size and concentration proves the suitability of the methodology regarding preservation of native size, size distribution, and number of NPs. Biotoxicity assays evidenced higher inhibition halos for ZnONPs than for bulk ZnO with a clear size-dependent NPs behaviour and substantial variability in bacterial susceptibility. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) needed to act on pathogens resulted clearly able to compromise commensal microbiota. Hence, the obtained findings reveal potential toxicity risks and the need to control them using appropriate tools, as some commercial samples presented ZnONP percentages outside of a safety scenario, as well as the advisability of reassessing the legal framework.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129922
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914026005783
https://hdl.handle.net/10578/48370
url https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129922
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914026005783
https://hdl.handle.net/10578/48370
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Los autores desean agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España (PID2022–138761NBI00), a la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (SBPLY/23/180225/000153) y a la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (2025-GRIN-38466), en asociación con FEDER, por el apoyo financiero.
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
instname:Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
instname_str Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
reponame_str RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
collection RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,81155

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