Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

Background: We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021. Methods: A stringency index (0-1) was created for each Spanish province (n = 50) daily. A hierarchical multip...

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Autores: Gómez-Ullate, David, Barbeito, Inés, Precioso, Daniel, Sierra, María José, Vegas Azcárate, Susana, Fernández Balbuena, Sonia, Vitoriano, Begoña, Cao, Ricardo, Monge, Susana
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2023
País:España
Recursos:IE
Repositorio:Repositorio IE
OAI Identifier:oai:repositorio.ie.edu:20.500.14417/3564
Acesso em linha:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14417/3564
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Effectiveness
Hierarchical models
Logarithmic return
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI)
Pandemic
Stringency index
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network_acronym_str ES
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repository_id_str
spelling Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 TransmissionGómez-Ullate, DavidBarbeito, InésPrecioso, DanielSierra, María JoséVegas Azcárate, SusanaFernández Balbuena, SoniaVitoriano, BegoñaCao, RicardoMonge, SusanaCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2EffectivenessHierarchical modelsLogarithmic returnNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI)PandemicStringency indexBackground: We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021. Methods: A stringency index (0-1) was created for each Spanish province (n = 50) daily. A hierarchical multiplicative model was fitted. The median of coefficients across provinces (95% bootstrap confidence intervals) quantified the effect of increasing one standard deviation in the stringency index over the logarithmic return of the weekly percentage variation of the 7-days SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, lagged 12 days. Results: Overall, increasing restrictions reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission by 22% (RR = 0.78; one-sided 95%CI: 0, 0.82) in 1 week, with highest effects for culture and leisure 14% (0.86; 0, 0.98), social distancing 13% (0.87; 0, 0.95), indoor restaurants 10% (0.90; 0, 0.95) and indoor sports 6% (0.94; 0, 0.98). In a reduced model with seven fields, culture and leisure no longer had a significant effect while ceremonies decreased transmission by 5% (0.95; 0, 0.96). Models R 2 was around 70%. Conclusion: Increased restrictions decreased COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include remaining collinearity between fields, and somewhat artificial quantification of qualitative restrictions, so the exact attribution of the effect to specific areas must be done with caution.yesPublishedFrontiersOzayr MahomedUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalSouth Africahttps://ror.org/02jjdwm75202520252023info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14417/3564reponame:Repositorio IEinstname:IEInglésIE School of Science & TechnologyIE UniversityApplied MathematicsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:repositorio.ie.edu:20.500.14417/35642026-06-15T12:40:57Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
title Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
spellingShingle Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
Gómez-Ullate, David
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Effectiveness
Hierarchical models
Logarithmic return
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI)
Pandemic
Stringency index
title_short Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
title_full Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
title_fullStr Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
title_full_unstemmed Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
title_sort Effectiveness of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions in Nine Fields of Activity to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Gómez-Ullate, David
Barbeito, Inés
Precioso, Daniel
Sierra, María José
Vegas Azcárate, Susana
Fernández Balbuena, Sonia
Vitoriano, Begoña
Cao, Ricardo
Monge, Susana
author Gómez-Ullate, David
author_facet Gómez-Ullate, David
Barbeito, Inés
Precioso, Daniel
Sierra, María José
Vegas Azcárate, Susana
Fernández Balbuena, Sonia
Vitoriano, Begoña
Cao, Ricardo
Monge, Susana
author_role author
author2 Barbeito, Inés
Precioso, Daniel
Sierra, María José
Vegas Azcárate, Susana
Fernández Balbuena, Sonia
Vitoriano, Begoña
Cao, Ricardo
Monge, Susana
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ozayr Mahomed
University of KwaZulu-Natal
South Africa
https://ror.org/02jjdwm75
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Effectiveness
Hierarchical models
Logarithmic return
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI)
Pandemic
Stringency index
topic COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
Effectiveness
Hierarchical models
Logarithmic return
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI)
Pandemic
Stringency index
description Background: We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021. Methods: A stringency index (0-1) was created for each Spanish province (n = 50) daily. A hierarchical multiplicative model was fitted. The median of coefficients across provinces (95% bootstrap confidence intervals) quantified the effect of increasing one standard deviation in the stringency index over the logarithmic return of the weekly percentage variation of the 7-days SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence, lagged 12 days. Results: Overall, increasing restrictions reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission by 22% (RR = 0.78; one-sided 95%CI: 0, 0.82) in 1 week, with highest effects for culture and leisure 14% (0.86; 0, 0.98), social distancing 13% (0.87; 0, 0.95), indoor restaurants 10% (0.90; 0, 0.95) and indoor sports 6% (0.94; 0, 0.98). In a reduced model with seven fields, culture and leisure no longer had a significant effect while ceremonies decreased transmission by 5% (0.95; 0, 0.96). Models R 2 was around 70%. Conclusion: Increased restrictions decreased COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include remaining collinearity between fields, and somewhat artificial quantification of qualitative restrictions, so the exact attribution of the effect to specific areas must be done with caution.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2023
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14417/3564
url https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061331
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14417/3564
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv IE School of Science & Technology
IE University
Applied Mathematics
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Frontiers
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Frontiers
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositorio IE
instname:IE
instname_str IE
reponame_str Repositorio IE
collection Repositorio IE
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,812429

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