Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging passive remote sensing technology that offers significant potential for sea surface wind speed monitoring, owing to its all-weather capability, global coverage, and low cost. Although several GNSS-R satellite missions (e.g., CY...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Zhou, Xin, Cardellach, Estel, Li, Weiqiang, Zhang, Shuangcheng, Zhang, Qin, Du, Hao, Li, Haoxing
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/418376
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/418376
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105027215295
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Differential evolution
GNSS-R
Multi-polarization
Sea surface wind speed
Tianmu-1
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
title Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
spellingShingle Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
Zhou, Xin
Differential evolution
GNSS-R
Multi-polarization
Sea surface wind speed
Tianmu-1
title_short Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
title_full Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
title_fullStr Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
title_sort Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Zhou, Xin
Cardellach, Estel
Li, Weiqiang
Zhang, Shuangcheng
Zhang, Qin
Du, Hao
Li, Haoxing
author Zhou, Xin
author_facet Zhou, Xin
Cardellach, Estel
Li, Weiqiang
Zhang, Shuangcheng
Zhang, Qin
Du, Hao
Li, Haoxing
author_role author
author2 Cardellach, Estel
Li, Weiqiang
Zhang, Shuangcheng
Zhang, Qin
Du, Hao
Li, Haoxing
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China)
China Scholarship Council
State Scholarships Foundation
Zhou, Xin [0000-0001-8734-572X]
Li, Weiqiang [0000-0002-6215-7607]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Differential evolution
GNSS-R
Multi-polarization
Sea surface wind speed
Tianmu-1
topic Differential evolution
GNSS-R
Multi-polarization
Sea surface wind speed
Tianmu-1
description Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging passive remote sensing technology that offers significant potential for sea surface wind speed monitoring, owing to its all-weather capability, global coverage, and low cost. Although several GNSS-R satellite missions (e.g., CYGNSS, TDS-1, FY-3E) have been successfully deployed in orbit, most existing systems are limited to single-GNSS signal sources and single-polarization reception. This configuration significantly constrains systematic investigations into the differential sensitivity of various GNSS constellations and polarization modes with respect to sea surface wind speed. China’s recently deployed Tianmu-1 satellite constellation, for the first time, enables simultaneous reception of signals from four major navigation systems GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS and supports vertical Polarization (V), horizontal Polarization (H), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), providing unprecedented conditions for multi-system and multi-polarization collaborative remote sensing research. Utilizing Tianmu-1 satellite L1-level GNSS-R data, this study thoroughly analyzes the relationship between sea surface wind speed and the normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS), a key GNSS-R observable, under different GNSS constellations and polarization modes. In particular, it examines the sensitivity differences of various polarization modes to wind speed variations. Furthermore, the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is introduced to address the differing wind retrieval accuracies between vertical and horizontal polarizations. A weighted fusion of wind speed estimates from the two polarization modes is performed, and the feasibility and stability of the fusion strategy are thoroughly evaluated. The outcomes not only offer theoretical insights and practical guidance for exploring multi-system, multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity mechanisms and improving wind speed retrieval algorithm precision, but also provide practically valuable recommendations for polarization configuration in future GNSS-R observation missions.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/418376
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105027215295
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/418376
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105027215295
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
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info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI//PID2024-155592OB-C22
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CEX2020-001058-M
The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI 10.1007/s10291-025-02015-3
Zhou, Xin; Cardellach, Estel; Li, Weiqiang; Zhang, Shuangcheng; Zhang, Qin; Du, Hao; Li, Haoxing; 2026; Supplementary Information for “Analysis of Multi-System and Multi-Polarization GNSS-R Sensitivity to Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval Using Tianmu-1 Data”; Springer Nature; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-025-02015-3
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-025-02015-3
Sí
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer Nature
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer Nature
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
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spelling Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 dataZhou, XinCardellach, EstelLi, WeiqiangZhang, ShuangchengZhang, QinDu, HaoLi, HaoxingDifferential evolutionGNSS-RMulti-polarizationSea surface wind speedTianmu-1Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging passive remote sensing technology that offers significant potential for sea surface wind speed monitoring, owing to its all-weather capability, global coverage, and low cost. Although several GNSS-R satellite missions (e.g., CYGNSS, TDS-1, FY-3E) have been successfully deployed in orbit, most existing systems are limited to single-GNSS signal sources and single-polarization reception. This configuration significantly constrains systematic investigations into the differential sensitivity of various GNSS constellations and polarization modes with respect to sea surface wind speed. China’s recently deployed Tianmu-1 satellite constellation, for the first time, enables simultaneous reception of signals from four major navigation systems GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS and supports vertical Polarization (V), horizontal Polarization (H), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), providing unprecedented conditions for multi-system and multi-polarization collaborative remote sensing research. Utilizing Tianmu-1 satellite L1-level GNSS-R data, this study thoroughly analyzes the relationship between sea surface wind speed and the normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS), a key GNSS-R observable, under different GNSS constellations and polarization modes. In particular, it examines the sensitivity differences of various polarization modes to wind speed variations. Furthermore, the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is introduced to address the differing wind retrieval accuracies between vertical and horizontal polarizations. A weighted fusion of wind speed estimates from the two polarization modes is performed, and the feasibility and stability of the fusion strategy are thoroughly evaluated. The outcomes not only offer theoretical insights and practical guidance for exploring multi-system, multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity mechanisms and improving wind speed retrieval algorithm precision, but also provide practically valuable recommendations for polarization configuration in future GNSS-R observation missions.The work conducted at ICE-CSIC, IEEC is partially funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and "ERDF A way of making Europe" through grants PID2024-155592OB-C22 and CEX2020-001058-M. This research was also funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42474028, 42474016) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Chang’an University (No. 300102265722). Xin Zhou’s work was partly supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) through a State Scholarship Fund (No. 202406560111).CEX2020-001058-M.Peer reviewedSpringer NatureMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China)China Scholarship CouncilState Scholarships FoundationZhou, Xin [0000-0001-8734-572X]Li, Weiqiang [0000-0002-6215-7607]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202620262026info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/418376https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105027215295reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI//PID2024-155592OB-C22info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CEX2020-001058-MThe underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI 10.1007/s10291-025-02015-3Zhou, Xin; Cardellach, Estel; Li, Weiqiang; Zhang, Shuangcheng; Zhang, Qin; Du, Hao; Li, Haoxing; 2026; Supplementary Information for “Analysis of Multi-System and Multi-Polarization GNSS-R Sensitivity to Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval Using Tianmu-1 Data”; Springer Nature; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-025-02015-3https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-025-02015-3Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/4183762026-05-22T06:33:51Z
score 15,81155

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