Analysis of multi-system and multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity to sea surface wind speed retrieval using Tianmu-1 data
Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging passive remote sensing technology that offers significant potential for sea surface wind speed monitoring, owing to its all-weather capability, global coverage, and low cost. Although several GNSS-R satellite missions (e.g., CY...
| Autores: | , , , , , , |
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| Tipo de recurso: | artículo |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2026 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
| Repositorio: | DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:digital.csic.es:10261/418376 |
| Acceso en línea: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/418376 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105027215295 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Differential evolution GNSS-R Multi-polarization Sea surface wind speed Tianmu-1 |
| Sumario: | Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an emerging passive remote sensing technology that offers significant potential for sea surface wind speed monitoring, owing to its all-weather capability, global coverage, and low cost. Although several GNSS-R satellite missions (e.g., CYGNSS, TDS-1, FY-3E) have been successfully deployed in orbit, most existing systems are limited to single-GNSS signal sources and single-polarization reception. This configuration significantly constrains systematic investigations into the differential sensitivity of various GNSS constellations and polarization modes with respect to sea surface wind speed. China’s recently deployed Tianmu-1 satellite constellation, for the first time, enables simultaneous reception of signals from four major navigation systems GPS, BDS, Galileo, and GLONASS and supports vertical Polarization (V), horizontal Polarization (H), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), providing unprecedented conditions for multi-system and multi-polarization collaborative remote sensing research. Utilizing Tianmu-1 satellite L1-level GNSS-R data, this study thoroughly analyzes the relationship between sea surface wind speed and the normalized bistatic radar cross section (NBRCS), a key GNSS-R observable, under different GNSS constellations and polarization modes. In particular, it examines the sensitivity differences of various polarization modes to wind speed variations. Furthermore, the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is introduced to address the differing wind retrieval accuracies between vertical and horizontal polarizations. A weighted fusion of wind speed estimates from the two polarization modes is performed, and the feasibility and stability of the fusion strategy are thoroughly evaluated. The outcomes not only offer theoretical insights and practical guidance for exploring multi-system, multi-polarization GNSS-R sensitivity mechanisms and improving wind speed retrieval algorithm precision, but also provide practically valuable recommendations for polarization configuration in future GNSS-R observation missions. |
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