Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method

Even though gasoline reformulation has contributed in abating the high levels of some tropospheric pollutants in México City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), such as lead and sulfur dioxide, it is still being explored as practical alternative to alleviate other local air pollution problems, such as the hig...

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Authors: JAIMES-LÓPEZ, J. Luis, SANDOVAL-FERNÁNDEZ, Julio, GONZÁLEZ-ORTÍZ, Emmanuel, ZAMBRANO-GARCÍA, Ángel, LLANOS-PLATA, Martín, GONZÁLEZ-MACÍAS, Uriel
Format: article
Status:Published version
Publication Date:2010
Country:México
Institution:UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO
Repository:Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
Language:Spanish
OAI Identifier:oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/21643
Online Access:https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/21643
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:CVS tests
fuel reformulation
air quality
Electre method
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
Ordenamiento de emisiones de gasolina por el método Electre
title Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
spellingShingle Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
JAIMES-LÓPEZ, J. Luis
CVS tests
fuel reformulation
air quality
Electre method
title_short Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
title_full Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
title_fullStr Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
title_full_unstemmed Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
title_sort Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre method
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv JAIMES-LÓPEZ, J. Luis
SANDOVAL-FERNÁNDEZ, Julio
GONZÁLEZ-ORTÍZ, Emmanuel
ZAMBRANO-GARCÍA, Ángel
LLANOS-PLATA, Martín
GONZÁLEZ-MACÍAS, Uriel
author JAIMES-LÓPEZ, J. Luis
author_facet JAIMES-LÓPEZ, J. Luis
SANDOVAL-FERNÁNDEZ, Julio
GONZÁLEZ-ORTÍZ, Emmanuel
ZAMBRANO-GARCÍA, Ángel
LLANOS-PLATA, Martín
GONZÁLEZ-MACÍAS, Uriel
author_role author
author2 SANDOVAL-FERNÁNDEZ, Julio
GONZÁLEZ-ORTÍZ, Emmanuel
ZAMBRANO-GARCÍA, Ángel
LLANOS-PLATA, Martín
GONZÁLEZ-MACÍAS, Uriel
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv CVS tests
fuel reformulation
air quality
Electre method
topic CVS tests
fuel reformulation
air quality
Electre method
description Even though gasoline reformulation has contributed in abating the high levels of some tropospheric pollutants in México City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), such as lead and sulfur dioxide, it is still being explored as practical alternative to alleviate other local air pollution problems, such as the high ozone levels. Because gasoline is a complex mixture of chemical compounds, the number of alternative reformulated gasoline fuels (RGF) to be tested is potentially very high. Thus, rapid and inexpensive methods are required to make such testing less costly. We report our experience while using a common ranking technique (Electre method) to select a subset of reformulated gasoline fuels (RGF) with low potential to form gaseous toxics and O3-forming compounds in vehicle tail-pipe emissions, so that further studies might focus on the most promising of them. Ten RGF differing in contents of sulfur, aromatics, olefins and oxygenated compounds were subjected to chassis dynamometer tests in two vehicles representing different engine technologies: Tier 1, as representative of the currently dominant technology in MCMA, and Euro 4 which will soon enter the local market. Emissions sampling was done at constant volume (CVS) using the Urban Cycle driving test, a standardized Mexican chassis dynamometer test that simulates the slow driving conditions at MCMA. All comparisons were based on the contents of regulated gaseous pollutants (THC, CO, CO2 and NOx), CH4 and VOC (HC and aldehydes and ketones) in the tail-pipe emissions. In tests with the local unleaded gasoline (n = 9), which was used as experimental reference (RF), the Tier 1 vehicle had significantly higher emissions of most measured pollutants than Euro 4. For selecting the fuels with lower emissions of toxics and O3 forming compounds, the emission data were normalized (0-100) and weighed by two external factors (w1, for O3 forming potential, and w2 for toxicity of each compound) and then subjected to Electre analysis. The best fuel options for data representing the average emissions from the two vehicle technologies were: F11 > F6 > F1 > F7 > F8 > F12, for w1; and F6 > F11 > F1> F5 > F8 > F12, for w2. Thus, by both weighing criteria, the Electre method selected F11, F6 and F1 as the best gasoline options. The ranks of the remaining fuels depended upon weighing. F11 was formulated with low concentrations of aromatics, olefins, benzene and sulfur, whereas F6 h highest Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and 370 ppm sulfur. According to these results, the MCMA’s air quality may be improved by substituting the currently used gasoline, which ranked as the last option, by another such as F11, F6 or F1.
publishDate 2010
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2010-12-10
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
ART
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/21643
url https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/21643
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/21643/21642
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Derechos de autor 2017 Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Derechos de autor 2017 Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental; Vol. 23 Núm. 2 (2007); 59-67
Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental; Vol. 23 No. 2 (2007); 59-67
0188-4999
reponame:Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
instname:UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO
instacron:UNAM
instname_str UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO
instacron_str UNAM
institution UNAM
reponame_str Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
collection Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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spelling Ranking tail-pipe vehicle emissions from reformulated gasolines by Electre methodOrdenamiento de emisiones de gasolina por el método ElectreJAIMES-LÓPEZ, J. LuisSANDOVAL-FERNÁNDEZ, JulioGONZÁLEZ-ORTÍZ, EmmanuelZAMBRANO-GARCÍA, ÁngelLLANOS-PLATA, MartínGONZÁLEZ-MACÍAS, UrielCVS testsfuel reformulationair qualityElectre methodEven though gasoline reformulation has contributed in abating the high levels of some tropospheric pollutants in México City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), such as lead and sulfur dioxide, it is still being explored as practical alternative to alleviate other local air pollution problems, such as the high ozone levels. Because gasoline is a complex mixture of chemical compounds, the number of alternative reformulated gasoline fuels (RGF) to be tested is potentially very high. Thus, rapid and inexpensive methods are required to make such testing less costly. We report our experience while using a common ranking technique (Electre method) to select a subset of reformulated gasoline fuels (RGF) with low potential to form gaseous toxics and O3-forming compounds in vehicle tail-pipe emissions, so that further studies might focus on the most promising of them. Ten RGF differing in contents of sulfur, aromatics, olefins and oxygenated compounds were subjected to chassis dynamometer tests in two vehicles representing different engine technologies: Tier 1, as representative of the currently dominant technology in MCMA, and Euro 4 which will soon enter the local market. Emissions sampling was done at constant volume (CVS) using the Urban Cycle driving test, a standardized Mexican chassis dynamometer test that simulates the slow driving conditions at MCMA. All comparisons were based on the contents of regulated gaseous pollutants (THC, CO, CO2 and NOx), CH4 and VOC (HC and aldehydes and ketones) in the tail-pipe emissions. In tests with the local unleaded gasoline (n = 9), which was used as experimental reference (RF), the Tier 1 vehicle had significantly higher emissions of most measured pollutants than Euro 4. For selecting the fuels with lower emissions of toxics and O3 forming compounds, the emission data were normalized (0-100) and weighed by two external factors (w1, for O3 forming potential, and w2 for toxicity of each compound) and then subjected to Electre analysis. The best fuel options for data representing the average emissions from the two vehicle technologies were: F11 > F6 > F1 > F7 > F8 > F12, for w1; and F6 > F11 > F1> F5 > F8 > F12, for w2. Thus, by both weighing criteria, the Electre method selected F11, F6 and F1 as the best gasoline options. The ranks of the remaining fuels depended upon weighing. F11 was formulated with low concentrations of aromatics, olefins, benzene and sulfur, whereas F6 h highest Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and 370 ppm sulfur. According to these results, the MCMA’s air quality may be improved by substituting the currently used gasoline, which ranked as the last option, by another such as F11, F6 or F1.Mediante reformulación de las gasolinas se han podido disminuir contaminantes atmosféricos como el plomo y el azufre en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México (ZMCM), por lo que la reformulación continúa siendo una alternativa práctica para abatir otros importantes contaminantes locales como el ozono. Pero dado que la gasolina es una mezcla compleja de componentes químicos, el número de mezclas alternativas a valorar antes de introducir una nueva gasolina en el mercado es muy alto. Esto plantea la necesidad de contar con métodos rápidos y de bajo costo para evaluar las alternativas. Aquí se reporta la aplicación de una técnica de jerarquización (método Electre) para preseleccionar un grupo de gasolinas reformuladas con bajo potencial de formación de compuestos gaseosos tóxicos y de precursores de ozono en las emisiones vehiculares de escape, para enfocar estudios más detallados en ese grupo. Se evaluaron diez gasolinas preparadas con diferentes cantidades de azufre, compuestos aromáticos, olefinas y compuestos oxigenados. Para ello se utilizaron dos vehículos con diferente tecnología: un Tier 1, que actualmente es la tecnología dominante en la ZMCM, y un Euro 4, que pronto entrará al mercado local. Las pruebas vehiculares se hicieron en un dinamómetro de chasis utilizando la prueba de manejo estandarizada conocida como Mex Urban, que simula las condiciones de manejo lento “típicas” de la ZMCM. Las muestras de emisiones de escape se obtuvieron con un muestreador a volumen constante (CVS). Las comparaciones entre combustibles y vehículos se basaron en los contenidos de contaminantes gaseosos regulados (hidrocarburos totales, THC; monóxido de carbono, CO; bióxido de carbono, CO2, y óxidos de nitrógeno, NOx); metano, CH4 y compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV, HC y aldehídos) presentes en las emisiones de escape. Como referencia experimental se utilizó la gasolina sin plomo que se vende actualmente en la Ciudad de México. En las pruebas con esta última gasolina, el vehículo Tier 1 tuvo emisiones más altas de la mayoría de los contaminantes que el Euro 4. Para seleccionar los combustibles con las emisiones más bajas de compuestos tóxicos y precursores de ozono, los datos de la emisión fueron normalizados (0-100) y ponderados por dos factores externos (w1, para el potencial de formación de ozono y w2 para la toxicidad de cada componente) y posteriormente analizados mediante el método Electre. Las mejores opciones de gasolina reformulada (F, fuel) obtenidas con las emisiones promedio de los dos tipos de vehículo fueron: F11 > F6 > F1 > F7 > F8 > F12, con w1; y F6 > F11 > F1> F5 > F8 > F12, con w2. Con los dos criterios de ponderación, el método Electre seleccionó a las gasolinas F11, F6 y F1 como las mejores opciones. El ordenamiento de los demás combustibles dependió también, de los factores de ponderación. La gasolina F11 fue formulada con las menores concentraciones de aromáticos, olefinas, benceno y azufre; mientras que la F6 tuvo la más alta presión de vapor Reid (PVR) y 370 ppm de azufre. De acuerdo a estos resultados, la calidad del aire de la Ciudad de México podría mejorarse sustituyendo la gasolina usada actualmente, la cual quedó clasificada como la última opción, por alguna otra como las F11, F6 o F1, aunque se requieren todavía estudios de mayor detalle.Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México2010-12-10info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionARTapplication/pdfhttps://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/21643Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental; Vol. 23 Núm. 2 (2007); 59-67Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental; Vol. 23 No. 2 (2007); 59-670188-4999reponame:Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambientalinstname:UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICOinstacron:UNAMspahttps://www.revistascca.unam.mx/rica/index.php/rica/article/view/21643/21642Derechos de autor 2017 Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambientalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/216432024-08-16T19:00:28Z
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