An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data

Context. The Villafranca project is combining Gaia data with ground-based surveys to analyze Galactic stellar groups (clusters, associations, or parts thereof) with OB stars.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Maíz Apellániz, Jesús, Youssef, A. R., El-Nawawy, M. S., Elsanhoury, W. H., Sota Ballano, Alfredo, Pantaleoni González, M., Ahmed, A.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2024
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/387493
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/387493
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Techniques: photometric
Catalogs
Parallaxes
Proper motions
Stars: luminosity function, mass function
Open clusters and associations: individual: Stock 18
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oai_identifier_str oai:digital.csic.es:10261/387493
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network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
title An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
spellingShingle An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
Maíz Apellániz, Jesús
Techniques: photometric
Catalogs
Parallaxes
Proper motions
Stars: luminosity function, mass function
Open clusters and associations: individual: Stock 18
title_short An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
title_full An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
title_fullStr An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
title_full_unstemmed An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
title_sort An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based data
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Maíz Apellániz, Jesús
Youssef, A. R.
El-Nawawy, M. S.
Elsanhoury, W. H.
Sota Ballano, Alfredo
Pantaleoni González, M.
Ahmed, A.
author Maíz Apellániz, Jesús
author_facet Maíz Apellániz, Jesús
Youssef, A. R.
El-Nawawy, M. S.
Elsanhoury, W. H.
Sota Ballano, Alfredo
Pantaleoni González, M.
Ahmed, A.
author_role author
author2 Youssef, A. R.
El-Nawawy, M. S.
Elsanhoury, W. H.
Sota Ballano, Alfredo
Pantaleoni González, M.
Ahmed, A.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Techniques: photometric
Catalogs
Parallaxes
Proper motions
Stars: luminosity function, mass function
Open clusters and associations: individual: Stock 18
topic Techniques: photometric
Catalogs
Parallaxes
Proper motions
Stars: luminosity function, mass function
Open clusters and associations: individual: Stock 18
description Context. The Villafranca project is combining Gaia data with ground-based surveys to analyze Galactic stellar groups (clusters, associations, or parts thereof) with OB stars.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/387493
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/387493
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-136640NB-C22
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450448
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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spelling An in-depth analysis of the differentially expanding star cluster Stock 18 (Villafranca O-036) using Gaia DR3 and ground-based dataMaíz Apellániz, JesúsYoussef, A. R.El-Nawawy, M. S.Elsanhoury, W. H.Sota Ballano, AlfredoPantaleoni González, M.Ahmed, A.Techniques: photometricCatalogsParallaxesProper motionsStars: luminosity function, mass functionOpen clusters and associations: individual: Stock 18Context. The Villafranca project is combining Gaia data with ground-based surveys to analyze Galactic stellar groups (clusters, associations, or parts thereof) with OB stars.Aims. We want to analyze the poorly studied cluster Stock 18 within the Villafranca project, as it is a very young stellar cluster with a symmetrical and compact H II region around it, Sh 2-170, so it is likely to provide insights into the structure and dynamics of such objects at an early stage of their evolution.Methods. We used Gaia astrometry, photometry, spectrophotometry, and variability data as well as ground-based spectroscopy and imaging to determine the characteristics of Stock 18. We used these data to analyze its core, massive star population, extinction, distance, membership, internal dynamics, density profile, IMF, stellar variability, and Galactic location.Results. Stock 18 is a very young (∼1.0 Ma) cluster located at a distance of 2.91 ± 0.10 kpc and is dominated by the GLS 13 370 system, whose primary (Aa) is an O9 V star. We propose that Stock 18 was in a very compact state (∼0.1 pc) about 1.0 Ma ago and that most massive stars were ejected at that time without significantly affecting the less massive stars as a result of multi-body dynamical interactions. Different age estimates also point toward an age close to 1.0 Ma, indicating that the dynamical interactions took place very shortly after massive star formation. Well-defined expanding stellar clusters have been observed before, but none are as young as this one. If we include all of the stars, the initial mass function is top heavy, but if we discard the ejected ones, it becomes nearly canonical. Therefore, this is another example (in addition to the previous one we found – the Bermuda cluster) of (a) a very young cluster with an already evolved present day mass function (b) that has significantly contributed to the future population of free-floating compact objects. If confirmed in more clusters, the number of such compact objects may be higher in the Milky Way than previously thought. Stock 18 has a variable extinction with an average value of R5495 higher than the canonical one of 3.1. We have discovered a new visual component (Ab) in the GLS 13 370 system. The cluster is above our Galactic mid-plane, likely as a result of the Galactic warp, and it has a distinct motion with respect to its surrounding old population, which is possibly an influence of the Perseus spiral arm. © The Authors 2024J. M. A., A. S., and M. P. G. acknowledge support from the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (10.13 039/501 100 011 033) through grant PID2022-136 640 NB-C22 and from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) through grant 2022-AEP 005. The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University, Arar, KSA for funding this research work through the project number “NBU-FFR-2024-237-02”. This work has made use of data from the European Space Agency (ESA) mission (Gaia, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia), processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC, https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/dpac/consortium). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. The Gaia data is processed with the computer resources at Mare Nostrum and the technical support provided by BSC-CNS. This work includes data obtained with the OSIRIS spectrograph at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC) and with the AstraLux lucky imaging instrument at the 2.2 m Telescope at Calar Alto (CAHA).Peer reviewedEDP SciencesMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252024info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/387493reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-136640NB-C22http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450448Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3874932026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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