Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters

Objective. Prompt gamma timing (PGT) uses the detection time of prompt gammas emitted along the range of protons in proton radiotherapy to verify the position of the Bragg peak (BP). Cherenkov detectors offer the possibility of enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the inherent physics of Cher...

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Autores: Ellin, Justin|||0000-0001-5940-1560, Rebolo, Leonor, Backfish, Michael, Prebys, Eric, Ariño-Estrada, Gerard|||0000-0002-6411-191X
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2024
País:España
Institución:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Repositorio:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:ddd.uab.cat:311356
Acceso en línea:https://ddd.uab.cat/record/311356
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad4304
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Prompt gamma timing
TlBr
TlCl
Proton therapy range verification
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spelling Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emittersEllin, Justin|||0000-0001-5940-1560Rebolo, LeonorBackfish, MichaelPrebys, EricAriño-Estrada, Gerard|||0000-0002-6411-191XPrompt gamma timingTlBrTlClProton therapy range verificationObjective. Prompt gamma timing (PGT) uses the detection time of prompt gammas emitted along the range of protons in proton radiotherapy to verify the position of the Bragg peak (BP). Cherenkov detectors offer the possibility of enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the inherent physics of Cherenkov emission which enhances detection of high energy prompt gamma rays relative to other induced uncorrelated signals. In this work, the PGT technique was applied to 3 semiconductor material slabs that emit only Cherenkov light for use in a full scale system: a 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 TlBr, a 12 × 12 × 12 mm 3 TlBr, and a 5 × 5 × 5 mm 3 TlCl. Approach. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target was exposed to a 67.5 MeV, 0.5 nA proton beam and shifted in 3 mm increments at the Crocker nuclear laboratory (CNL) in Davis, CA, USA. A fast plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) provided the start reference for the proton time of flight. Time of flight (TOF) distributions were generated using this reference and the gamma-ray timestamp in the Cherenkov detector. Main results. The SNR of the proton correlated peaks relative to the background was 20, 29, and 30 for each of the three samples, respectively. The upper limit of the position resolutions with the TlCl sample were 2 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm for 30k, 10k, and 5k detected events, respectively. The time distribution of events with respect to the reference reproduced with clarity the periodicity of the beam, implying a very high SNR of the Cherenkov crystals to detect prompt gammas. Background presence from the neutron-induced continuum, prompt gammas from deuterium, or positron activation were not observed. Material choice and crystal dimensions did not seem to affect significantly the outcome of the results. Significance. These results show the high SNR of the pure Cherenkov emitters TlBr and TlCl for the detection of prompt gammas in a proton beam with current of clinical significance and their potential for verifying the proton range. The accuracy in determining shifts of the BP was highly dependent on the number of events acquired, therefore, the performance of these detectors are expected to vary with different beam conditions such as current, pulse repetition, and proton bunch width. 22024-01-0120242024-01-01Articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://ddd.uab.cat/record/311356https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad4304reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UABinstname:Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaInglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ddd.uab.cat:3113562026-06-06T12:50:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
title Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
spellingShingle Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
Ellin, Justin|||0000-0001-5940-1560
Prompt gamma timing
TlBr
TlCl
Proton therapy range verification
title_short Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
title_full Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
title_fullStr Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
title_full_unstemmed Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
title_sort Prompt gamma timing for proton range verification with TlBr and TlCl as pure Cherenkov emitters
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Ellin, Justin|||0000-0001-5940-1560
Rebolo, Leonor
Backfish, Michael
Prebys, Eric
Ariño-Estrada, Gerard|||0000-0002-6411-191X
author Ellin, Justin|||0000-0001-5940-1560
author_facet Ellin, Justin|||0000-0001-5940-1560
Rebolo, Leonor
Backfish, Michael
Prebys, Eric
Ariño-Estrada, Gerard|||0000-0002-6411-191X
author_role author
author2 Rebolo, Leonor
Backfish, Michael
Prebys, Eric
Ariño-Estrada, Gerard|||0000-0002-6411-191X
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Prompt gamma timing
TlBr
TlCl
Proton therapy range verification
topic Prompt gamma timing
TlBr
TlCl
Proton therapy range verification
description Objective. Prompt gamma timing (PGT) uses the detection time of prompt gammas emitted along the range of protons in proton radiotherapy to verify the position of the Bragg peak (BP). Cherenkov detectors offer the possibility of enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the inherent physics of Cherenkov emission which enhances detection of high energy prompt gamma rays relative to other induced uncorrelated signals. In this work, the PGT technique was applied to 3 semiconductor material slabs that emit only Cherenkov light for use in a full scale system: a 3 × 3 × 20 mm 3 TlBr, a 12 × 12 × 12 mm 3 TlBr, and a 5 × 5 × 5 mm 3 TlCl. Approach. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target was exposed to a 67.5 MeV, 0.5 nA proton beam and shifted in 3 mm increments at the Crocker nuclear laboratory (CNL) in Davis, CA, USA. A fast plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) provided the start reference for the proton time of flight. Time of flight (TOF) distributions were generated using this reference and the gamma-ray timestamp in the Cherenkov detector. Main results. The SNR of the proton correlated peaks relative to the background was 20, 29, and 30 for each of the three samples, respectively. The upper limit of the position resolutions with the TlCl sample were 2 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm for 30k, 10k, and 5k detected events, respectively. The time distribution of events with respect to the reference reproduced with clarity the periodicity of the beam, implying a very high SNR of the Cherenkov crystals to detect prompt gammas. Background presence from the neutron-induced continuum, prompt gammas from deuterium, or positron activation were not observed. Material choice and crystal dimensions did not seem to affect significantly the outcome of the results. Significance. These results show the high SNR of the pure Cherenkov emitters TlBr and TlCl for the detection of prompt gammas in a proton beam with current of clinical significance and their potential for verifying the proton range. The accuracy in determining shifts of the BP was highly dependent on the number of events acquired, therefore, the performance of these detectors are expected to vary with different beam conditions such as current, pulse repetition, and proton bunch width.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2
2024-01-01
2024
2024-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://ddd.uab.cat/record/311356
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad4304
url https://ddd.uab.cat/record/311356
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ad4304
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
instname:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
instname_str Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
collection Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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