Disinformation and Conspiracy Detection in Spanish: A Survey
[EN] The proliferation of fake news and conspiracy narratives has become a significant challenge within the Natural Language Processing (NLP) research field, since there is an increasing circulation of misinformation across digital platforms. The spread of these false narratives poses a potential th...
| Authors: | , |
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| Format: | article |
| Publication Date: | 2026 |
| Country: | España |
| Institution: | Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) |
| Repository: | RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia |
| Language: | English |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:dnet:riunet______::93ae87a32c55778a1550d8fbab8af9d1 |
| Online Access: | https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/235840 |
| Access Level: | Open access |
| Keyword: | Fake news Disinformation Conspiracy theories Spanish |
| Summary: | [EN] The proliferation of fake news and conspiracy narratives has become a significant challenge within the Natural Language Processing (NLP) research field, since there is an increasing circulation of misinformation across digital platforms. The spread of these false narratives poses a potential threat for the preservation and promotion of the information trustworthiness, especially in online media communication. However, most relevant NLP models and datasets are still focused on the English language, leaving the Spanish language relatively underrepresented. This survey paper addresses the linguistic and computational challenges of disinformation and conspiracy detection in Spanish-language contexts. We review current and relevant NLP methods and techniques, from traditional machine learning methods to Large Language Models (LLMs) and transformer-based architectures, presenting the most effective experiments in identifying disinformation and conspiracy discourses in Spanish. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges of the multimodal approaches in NLP to include the analysis of visual and audio data in online media and suggest the need for culturally informed annotation schemes and domain-specific corpora. In this regard, we review the research advances that are contributing to the development of more precise models, capable of capturing the subtle and subjective rhetorical and ideological features that characterize misinformation in the Spanish-speaking digital sphere. |
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