Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials

Producción Científica

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autores: Moreno Calderón, Selene, Martínez Cagigal, Víctor, Martín Fernández, Ana, SantaMaría Vazquez, Eduardo, Hornero Sánchez, Roberto
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universidad de Valladolid
Repositorio:UVaDOC. Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolid
OAI Identifier:oai:uvadoc.uva.es:10324/78342
Acesso em linha:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2025.06.003
https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/78342
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Brain-computer interfaces (BCI)
Code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP)
Mixed reality (MR)
Eyestrain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
33 Ciencias Tecnológicas
32 Ciencias Médicas
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spelling Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentialsMoreno Calderón, SeleneMartínez Cagigal, VíctorMartín Fernández, AnaSantaMaría Vazquez, EduardoHornero Sánchez, RobertoBrain-computer interfaces (BCI)Code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP)Mixed reality (MR)EyestrainElectroencephalography (EEG)33 Ciencias Tecnológicas32 Ciencias MédicasProducción CientíficaBackground and objective: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems can assist individuals with severe motor disabilities by enabling communication through their brain signals using spellers, which allow selecting commands from a set of options. For this technology, accuracy, speed and user comfort are essential. Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) have demonstrated promising performance in BCI control. Integrating BCI systems with mixed reality (MR) could provide portability and autonomy. However, to the best of our knowledge, no existing studies have explored the feasibility of combining MR with c-VEP-based BCIs. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the performance of integrating MR with c-VEP-based BCIs and (2) study the visual fatigue induced by c-VEPs compared to traditional screen. Methods: Twenty participants used a 36-character speller to select words in both MR and traditional screen conditions. Metrics like accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR) were measured. Usability and eyestrain were evaluated through questionnaires. Results: The integration of MR with c-VEPs achieved an accuracy of 96.71 % and an ITR of 27.55 bits/min, compared to 95.98 % accuracy and 27.10 bits/min for the conventional screen condition. The questionnaires revealed minimal levels of visual fatigue in both conditions and high usability. No significant differences were observed between conditions in terms of performance or visual fatigue. Conclusions: The c-VEP-based speller with MR-BCI technology proved feasible, achieving performance levels similar to the conventional setup, with high accuracy in both conditions. The study also found comparable visual fatigue between MR and traditional screens, supporting the practicality of MR integration in BCI systems.This research was supported by the project 0124_EUROAGE_MAS_4_E, cofunded by the European Union through the Interreg VI-A Spain-Portugal Program (POCTEP) 2021-2027Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y la Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR (TED2021-129915B-I00)Junta de Castilla y León - Consejería de Educación y la UE-FEDER (proyecto VA140P2)Universidad de Valladolid / Banco Santander: contrato predoctoral UVa de Ana Martín FernándezElsevier2025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2025.06.003https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/78342reponame:UVaDOC. Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolidinstname:Universidad de ValladolidIngléshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0208521625000518info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:uvadoc.uva.es:10324/783422026-06-13T12:44:47Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
title Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
spellingShingle Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
Moreno Calderón, Selene
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI)
Code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP)
Mixed reality (MR)
Eyestrain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
33 Ciencias Tecnológicas
32 Ciencias Médicas
title_short Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
title_full Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
title_fullStr Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
title_full_unstemmed Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
title_sort Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Moreno Calderón, Selene
Martínez Cagigal, Víctor
Martín Fernández, Ana
SantaMaría Vazquez, Eduardo
Hornero Sánchez, Roberto
author Moreno Calderón, Selene
author_facet Moreno Calderón, Selene
Martínez Cagigal, Víctor
Martín Fernández, Ana
SantaMaría Vazquez, Eduardo
Hornero Sánchez, Roberto
author_role author
author2 Martínez Cagigal, Víctor
Martín Fernández, Ana
SantaMaría Vazquez, Eduardo
Hornero Sánchez, Roberto
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Brain-computer interfaces (BCI)
Code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP)
Mixed reality (MR)
Eyestrain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
33 Ciencias Tecnológicas
32 Ciencias Médicas
topic Brain-computer interfaces (BCI)
Code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP)
Mixed reality (MR)
Eyestrain
Electroencephalography (EEG)
33 Ciencias Tecnológicas
32 Ciencias Médicas
description Producción Científica
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2025.06.003
https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/78342
url https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2025.06.003
https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/78342
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0208521625000518
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UVaDOC. Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolid
instname:Universidad de Valladolid
instname_str Universidad de Valladolid
reponame_str UVaDOC. Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolid
collection UVaDOC. Repositorio Documental de la Universidad de Valladolid
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15.811543

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