Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Nicolaus, Marcel; Perovich, Donald K.; Spreen, Gunnar; Granskog, Mats A.; von Albedyll, Luisa; Angelopoulos, Michael; Anhaus, Philipp; Arndt, Stefanie; Belter, H. Jakob; Bessonov, Vladimir; Birnbaum, Gerit; Wagner, David N.; Watkins, Daniel; Webster, Melinda; Wendisch, Manfred; Brauchle, Jörg; Calmer, Radiance; Cardellach, Estel; Cheng, Bin; Clemens-Sewall, David; Dadic, Ruzica; Damm, Ellen; Boer, Gijs de; Demir, Oguz; Dethloff, Klaus; Divine, Dmitry V.; Fong, Allison A.; Fons, Steven; Frey, Markus M.; Fuchs, Niel; Gabarró, Carolina; Gerland, Sebastian; Goessling, Helge F.; Gradinger, Rolf; Haapala, Jari; Haas, Christian; Hamilton, Jonathan; Hannula, Henna-Reetta; Hendricks, Stefan; Herber, Adreas; Heuzé, Céline; Hoppmann, Mario; Høyland, Knut Vilhelm; Huntemann, Marcus; Hutchings, Jennifer K.; Hwang, Byongjun; Itkin, Polona; Jacobi, Hans-Werner; Jaggi, Matthias; Jutila, Arttu; Kaleschke, Lars; Katlein, Christian; Kolabutin, Nikolai; Krampe, Daniela; Kristensen, Steen Savstrup; Krumpen, Thomas; Kurtz, Nathan; Lampert, Astrid; Lange, Benjamin Allen; Lei, Ruibo; Light, Bonnie; Linhardt, Felix; Liston, Glen E.; Loose, Brice; Macfarlane, Amy R.; Mahmud, Mallik S.; Matero, Ilkka O.; Maus, Sönke; Morgenstern, Anne; Naderpour, Reza; Nandan, Vishnu; Niubom, Alexey; Oggier, Marc; Oppelt, Natascha; Pätzold, Falk; Perron, Christophe; Petrovsky, Tomasz; Pirazzini, Roberta; Polashenski, Chris; Rabe, Benjamin; Raphael, Ian A.; Regnery, Julia; Rex, Markus; Ricker, Robert; Riemann-Campe, K.; Rinke, Annette; Rohde, Jan; Salganik, Evgenii; Scharien, Randy; Schiller, Martin; Schneebeli, Martin; Semmling, Maximilian; Shimanchuk, Egor; Shupe, Matthew D.; Smith, Madison; Smolyanitsky, Vasily; Sokolov, Vladimir; Stanton, Tim; Stroeve, Julienne; Thielke, Linda; Timofeeva, Anna; Tonboe, Rasmus; Tavrii, Aikaterini; Tsamados, Michel

Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

Special Feature: The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC).-- 42 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables, supplemental files https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046.-- Data accessibility statement: All data in this manuscript are publicly available from online repo...

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Detalhes bibliográficos
Autores:	Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel
Formato:	artículo
Estado:	Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:	2022
País:	España
Recursos:	Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:	oai:digital.csic.es:10261/260504
Acesso em linha:	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/260504
Access Level:	acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:	Snow and sea ice Coupled climate system Atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction Interdisciplinary research Arctic drift study

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oai_identifier_str	oai:digital.csic.es:10261/260504
network_acronym_str	ES
network_name_str	España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
title	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
spellingShingle	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice Nicolaus, Marcel Snow and sea ice Coupled climate system Atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction Interdisciplinary research Arctic drift study
title_short	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
title_full	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
title_fullStr	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
title_full_unstemmed	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
title_sort	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Nicolaus, Marcel Perovich, Donald K. Spreen, Gunnar Granskog, Mats A. von Albedyll, Luisa Angelopoulos, Michael Anhaus, Philipp Arndt, Stefanie Belter, H. Jakob Bessonov, Vladimir Birnbaum, Gerit Wagner, David N. Watkins, Daniel Webster, Melinda Wendisch, Manfred Brauchle, Jörg Calmer, Radiance Cardellach, Estel Cheng, Bin Clemens-Sewall, David Dadic, Ruzica Damm, Ellen Boer, Gijs de Demir, Oguz Dethloff, Klaus Divine, Dmitry V. Fong, Allison A. Fons, Steven Frey, Markus M. Fuchs, Niel Gabarró, Carolina Gerland, Sebastian Goessling, Helge F. Gradinger, Rolf Haapala, Jari Haas, Christian Hamilton, Jonathan Hannula, Henna-Reetta Hendricks, Stefan Herber, Adreas Heuzé, Céline Hoppmann, Mario Høyland, Knut Vilhelm Huntemann, Marcus Hutchings, Jennifer K. Hwang, Byongjun Itkin, Polona Jacobi, Hans-Werner Jaggi, Matthias Jutila, Arttu Kaleschke, Lars Katlein, Christian Kolabutin, Nikolai Krampe, Daniela Kristensen, Steen Savstrup Krumpen, Thomas Kurtz, Nathan Lampert, Astrid Lange, Benjamin Allen Lei, Ruibo Light, Bonnie Linhardt, Felix Liston, Glen E. Loose, Brice Macfarlane, Amy R. Mahmud, Mallik S. Matero, Ilkka O. Maus, Sönke Morgenstern, Anne Naderpour, Reza Nandan, Vishnu Niubom, Alexey Oggier, Marc Oppelt, Natascha Pätzold, Falk Perron, Christophe Petrovsky, Tomasz Pirazzini, Roberta Polashenski, Chris Rabe, Benjamin Raphael, Ian A. Regnery, Julia Rex, Markus Ricker, Robert Riemann-Campe, K. Rinke, Annette Rohde, Jan Salganik, Evgenii Scharien, Randy Schiller, Martin Schneebeli, Martin Semmling, Maximilian Shimanchuk, Egor Shupe, Matthew D. Smith, Madison Smolyanitsky, Vasily Sokolov, Vladimir Stanton, Tim Stroeve, Julienne Thielke, Linda Timofeeva, Anna Tonboe, Rasmus Tavrii, Aikaterini Tsamados, Michel
author	Nicolaus, Marcel
author_facet	Nicolaus, Marcel Perovich, Donald K. Spreen, Gunnar Granskog, Mats A. von Albedyll, Luisa Angelopoulos, Michael Anhaus, Philipp Arndt, Stefanie Belter, H. Jakob Bessonov, Vladimir Birnbaum, Gerit Wagner, David N. Watkins, Daniel Webster, Melinda Wendisch, Manfred Brauchle, Jörg Calmer, Radiance Cardellach, Estel Cheng, Bin Clemens-Sewall, David Dadic, Ruzica Damm, Ellen Boer, Gijs de Demir, Oguz Dethloff, Klaus Divine, Dmitry V. Fong, Allison A. Fons, Steven Frey, Markus M. Fuchs, Niel Gabarró, Carolina Gerland, Sebastian Goessling, Helge F. Gradinger, Rolf Haapala, Jari Haas, Christian Hamilton, Jonathan Hannula, Henna-Reetta Hendricks, Stefan Herber, Adreas Heuzé, Céline Hoppmann, Mario Høyland, Knut Vilhelm Huntemann, Marcus Hutchings, Jennifer K. Hwang, Byongjun Itkin, Polona Jacobi, Hans-Werner Jaggi, Matthias Jutila, Arttu Kaleschke, Lars Katlein, Christian Kolabutin, Nikolai Krampe, Daniela Kristensen, Steen Savstrup Krumpen, Thomas Kurtz, Nathan Lampert, Astrid Lange, Benjamin Allen Lei, Ruibo Light, Bonnie Linhardt, Felix Liston, Glen E. Loose, Brice Macfarlane, Amy R. Mahmud, Mallik S. Matero, Ilkka O. Maus, Sönke Morgenstern, Anne Naderpour, Reza Nandan, Vishnu Niubom, Alexey Oggier, Marc Oppelt, Natascha Pätzold, Falk Perron, Christophe Petrovsky, Tomasz Pirazzini, Roberta Polashenski, Chris Rabe, Benjamin Raphael, Ian A. Regnery, Julia Rex, Markus Ricker, Robert Riemann-Campe, K. Rinke, Annette Rohde, Jan Salganik, Evgenii Scharien, Randy Schiller, Martin Schneebeli, Martin Semmling, Maximilian Shimanchuk, Egor Shupe, Matthew D. Smith, Madison Smolyanitsky, Vasily Sokolov, Vladimir Stanton, Tim Stroeve, Julienne Thielke, Linda Timofeeva, Anna Tonboe, Rasmus Tavrii, Aikaterini Tsamados, Michel
author_role	author
author2	Perovich, Donald K. Spreen, Gunnar Granskog, Mats A. von Albedyll, Luisa Angelopoulos, Michael Anhaus, Philipp Arndt, Stefanie Belter, H. Jakob Bessonov, Vladimir Birnbaum, Gerit Wagner, David N. Watkins, Daniel Webster, Melinda Wendisch, Manfred Brauchle, Jörg Calmer, Radiance Cardellach, Estel Cheng, Bin Clemens-Sewall, David Dadic, Ruzica Damm, Ellen Boer, Gijs de Demir, Oguz Dethloff, Klaus Divine, Dmitry V. Fong, Allison A. Fons, Steven Frey, Markus M. Fuchs, Niel Gabarró, Carolina Gerland, Sebastian Goessling, Helge F. Gradinger, Rolf Haapala, Jari Haas, Christian Hamilton, Jonathan Hannula, Henna-Reetta Hendricks, Stefan Herber, Adreas Heuzé, Céline Hoppmann, Mario Høyland, Knut Vilhelm Huntemann, Marcus Hutchings, Jennifer K. Hwang, Byongjun Itkin, Polona Jacobi, Hans-Werner Jaggi, Matthias Jutila, Arttu Kaleschke, Lars Katlein, Christian Kolabutin, Nikolai Krampe, Daniela Kristensen, Steen Savstrup Krumpen, Thomas Kurtz, Nathan Lampert, Astrid Lange, Benjamin Allen Lei, Ruibo Light, Bonnie Linhardt, Felix Liston, Glen E. Loose, Brice Macfarlane, Amy R. Mahmud, Mallik S. Matero, Ilkka O. Maus, Sönke Morgenstern, Anne Naderpour, Reza Nandan, Vishnu Niubom, Alexey Oggier, Marc Oppelt, Natascha Pätzold, Falk Perron, Christophe Petrovsky, Tomasz Pirazzini, Roberta Polashenski, Chris Rabe, Benjamin Raphael, Ian A. Regnery, Julia Rex, Markus Ricker, Robert Riemann-Campe, K. Rinke, Annette Rohde, Jan Salganik, Evgenii Scharien, Randy Schiller, Martin Schneebeli, Martin Semmling, Maximilian Shimanchuk, Egor Shupe, Matthew D. Smith, Madison Smolyanitsky, Vasily Sokolov, Vladimir Stanton, Tim Stroeve, Julienne Thielke, Linda Timofeeva, Anna Tonboe, Rasmus Tavrii, Aikaterini Tsamados, Michel
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv	German Research Foundation National Science Foundation (US) European Commission Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España) Department of Energy (US) NASA European Space Agency Canadian Space Agency Research Council of Norway Natural Environment Research Council (UK) Swedish Research Council Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Swiss Polar Institute Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Snow and sea ice Coupled climate system Atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction Interdisciplinary research Arctic drift study
topic	Snow and sea ice Coupled climate system Atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction Interdisciplinary research Arctic drift study
description	Special Feature: The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC).-- 42 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables, supplemental files https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046.-- Data accessibility statement: All data in this manuscript are publicly available from online repositories. Note that most data sets contain raw or preliminary data, while advanced versions will become available in future. The data may be found under the following references: drift track data (Figure 1, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.937204), observational dates (Figure 4, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.5898517), panorama photographs (Figure 5, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.938534), TLS data (Figure 6, Clemens-Sewall et al., doi:10.18739/A27S7HT3B), ROV radiation data (Figure 7, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.935688), surface albedo data on ground (Figure 8, Smith et al., broadband data under doi:10.18739/A2KK94D36 and spectral data under doi:10.18739/A2FT8DK8Z) and from the HELiX drone (Figure 8, Calmer et al., doi:10.18739/A2GH9BB0Q), on-ice RS data (Figure 10, Spreen et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.5725870), surface images from thermal infrared and true color (Figure 11, Thielke et al, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.934666), drift speed data from Polarstern (Figure 12, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.937204), deformation data from SAR (Figure 13, von Albedyll et al, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5195366), sea ice thickness and snow depth distribution (Figure 14, Hendricks et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.5155244), sea ice physical properties (Figure 15, in Tables S2 and S3) with a sea ice core overview (Granskog et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.4719905), snow pack properties (Figure 16, Macfarlane et al., doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.935934), and ship radar video sequence (Jäkel et al., doi:10.5446/52953)
publishDate	2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2022 2022 2022
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Publisher's version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/260504
url	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/260504
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv	Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/730965 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/727890 info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/RTI2018-099008-B-C22 The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI 10.1525/ elementa.2021.000046 https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046 Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	University of California Press
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	University of California Press
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv	reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str	Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
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spelling	Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea iceNicolaus, MarcelPerovich, Donald K.Spreen, GunnarGranskog, Mats A.von Albedyll, LuisaAngelopoulos, MichaelAnhaus, PhilippArndt, StefanieBelter, H. JakobBessonov, VladimirBirnbaum, GeritWagner, David N.Watkins, DanielWebster, MelindaWendisch, ManfredBrauchle, JörgCalmer, RadianceCardellach, EstelCheng, BinClemens-Sewall, DavidDadic, RuzicaDamm, EllenBoer, Gijs deDemir, OguzDethloff, KlausDivine, Dmitry V.Fong, Allison A.Fons, StevenFrey, Markus M.Fuchs, NielGabarró, CarolinaGerland, SebastianGoessling, Helge F.Gradinger, RolfHaapala, JariHaas, ChristianHamilton, JonathanHannula, Henna-ReettaHendricks, StefanHerber, AdreasHeuzé, CélineHoppmann, MarioHøyland, Knut VilhelmHuntemann, MarcusHutchings, Jennifer K.Hwang, ByongjunItkin, PolonaJacobi, Hans-WernerJaggi, MatthiasJutila, ArttuKaleschke, LarsKatlein, ChristianKolabutin, NikolaiKrampe, DanielaKristensen, Steen SavstrupKrumpen, ThomasKurtz, NathanLampert, AstridLange, Benjamin AllenLei, RuiboLight, BonnieLinhardt, FelixListon, Glen E.Loose, BriceMacfarlane, Amy R.Mahmud, Mallik S.Matero, Ilkka O.Maus, SönkeMorgenstern, AnneNaderpour, RezaNandan, VishnuNiubom, AlexeyOggier, MarcOppelt, NataschaPätzold, FalkPerron, ChristophePetrovsky, TomaszPirazzini, RobertaPolashenski, ChrisRabe, BenjaminRaphael, Ian A.Regnery, JuliaRex, MarkusRicker, RobertRiemann-Campe, K.Rinke, AnnetteRohde, JanSalganik, EvgeniiScharien, RandySchiller, MartinSchneebeli, MartinSemmling, MaximilianShimanchuk, EgorShupe, Matthew D.Smith, MadisonSmolyanitsky, VasilySokolov, VladimirStanton, TimStroeve, JulienneThielke, LindaTimofeeva, AnnaTonboe, RasmusTavrii, AikateriniTsamados, MichelSnow and sea iceCoupled climate systemAtmosphere-ice-ocean interactionInterdisciplinary researchArctic drift studySpecial Feature: The Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC).-- 42 pages, 16 figures, 3 tables, supplemental files https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046.-- Data accessibility statement: All data in this manuscript are publicly available from online repositories. Note that most data sets contain raw or preliminary data, while advanced versions will become available in future. The data may be found under the following references: drift track data (Figure 1, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.937204), observational dates (Figure 4, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.5898517), panorama photographs (Figure 5, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.938534), TLS data (Figure 6, Clemens-Sewall et al., doi:10.18739/A27S7HT3B), ROV radiation data (Figure 7, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.935688), surface albedo data on ground (Figure 8, Smith et al., broadband data under doi:10.18739/A2KK94D36 and spectral data under doi:10.18739/A2FT8DK8Z) and from the HELiX drone (Figure 8, Calmer et al., doi:10.18739/A2GH9BB0Q), on-ice RS data (Figure 10, Spreen et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.5725870), surface images from thermal infrared and true color (Figure 11, Thielke et al, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.934666), drift speed data from Polarstern (Figure 12, Nicolaus et al., doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.937204), deformation data from SAR (Figure 13, von Albedyll et al, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5195366), sea ice thickness and snow depth distribution (Figure 14, Hendricks et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.5155244), sea ice physical properties (Figure 15, in Tables S2 and S3) with a sea ice core overview (Granskog et al., doi:10.5281/zenodo.4719905), snow pack properties (Figure 16, Macfarlane et al., doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.935934), and ship radar video sequence (Jäkel et al., doi:10.5446/52953)Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea iceThis work was funded by the following: – the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through financing the Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) and the Polarstern expedition PS122 under the grant N-2014-H-060_Dethloff, – the AWI through its projects: AWI_ROV, AWI_ICE, AWI_SNOW, AWI_ECO. The AWI buoy program and ROV work were funded by the Helmholtz strategic investment Frontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring (FRAM), – the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) through the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre TRR-172 “ArctiC Amplification: Climate Relevant Atmospheric and SurfaCe Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms (AC)3” (grant 268020496), the International Research Training Group 1904 ArcTrain (grant 221211316), the MOSAiCmicrowaveRS project (grant 420499875), the HELiPOD grant (LA 2907/11-1), and the SCASI (NI 1096/5-1 and KA 2694/7-1) and SnowCast (AR1236/1) projects, – the BMBF through the projects Diatom-ARCTIC (03F0810A), IceSense (BMBF 03F0866A and 03F0866B), MOSAiC3-IceScan (BMBF 03F0916A), NiceLABpro (BMBF 03F0867A), SSIP (01LN1701A), and SIDFExplore (03F0868A), – the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy through the project ArcticSense (BMWi 50EE1917A), – the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through the project PROMIS (OPP-1724467, OPP-1724540, and OPP-1724748), the buoy work (OPP-1723400), the MiSNOW (OPP-1820927), the snow transect work (OPP-1820927), the sea ice coring work (OPP-1735862), the HELiX drone operations (OPP-1805569), surface energy fluxes (OPP-1724551), Climate Active Trace Gases (OPP-1807496), and Reactive Gas Chemistry (OPP-1914781). The last 4 of these were also supported by the NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory, – the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program projects ARICE (grant 730965) for berth fees associated with the participation of the DEARice team and INTAROS (grant 727890) supporting the drone and albedo measurements, – the US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and Atmospheric System Research (ASR) programs (DE-SC0019251, DE-SC0021341), – the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) project 80NSSC20K0658, – the European Space Agency (ESA) MOSAiC microwave radiometer (EMIRAD2, ELBARA, HUTRAD), (EMIRAD2, ELBARA, HUTRAD), CIMRex (contract 4000125503/18/NL/FF/gp) and GNSS-R (P.O. 5001025474, C.N. 4000128320/19/NL/FF/ab) GNSS-R (contracts P.O. 5001025474 and C.N. 4000128320/19/NL/FF/ab) projects, – the Canadian Space Agency FAST project (grant no. 19FACALB08), – EUMETSAT support for microwave scatterometer measurements, – the Research Council of Norway through the projects HAVOC (grant no. 280292), SIDRiFT (grant no. 287871), and CAATEX (grant no. 280531), – the Fram Centre (Tromsø, Norway), from its flagship program on Arctic Ocean through the PHOTA project, – the UKRI Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and BMBF, who jointly funded the Changing Arctic Ocean program (project Diatom Arctic, NE/R012849/1 and 03F0810A), – the UK Natural Environment Research Council (project SSAASI-CLIM grant NE/S00257X/1), – the Agencia Estatal de Investigación AEI of Spain (grant no. PCI2019-111844-2, RTI2018-099008-B-C22), – the Swedish Research Council (VR, grant no. 2018-03859), – the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat for berth fees for MOSAiC, – the Swiss Polar Institute project SnowMOSAiC, – the Werner-Petersen-Foundation for the development of a remotely operated floating platform (grant no. FKZ 2019/610).Peer reviewedUniversity of California PressGerman Research FoundationNational Science Foundation (US)European CommissionAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Department of Energy (US)NASAEuropean Space AgencyCanadian Space AgencyResearch Council of NorwayNatural Environment Research Council (UK)Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Polar Research SecretariatSwiss Polar InstituteDr. Werner-Petersen FoundationEuropean Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological SatellitesConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202220222022info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/260504reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/730965info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/727890info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/RTI2018-099008-B-C22The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI 10.1525/ elementa.2021.000046https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/2605042026-05-22T06:33:51Z
score	15,812429

Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice

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