The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions

© 2021 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autores: Casals Ibáñez, Lluís|||0000-0002-1203-0595, Gómez Montenegro, Carlos|||0000-0002-4186-8418, Vidal Ferré, Rafael|||0000-0003-2217-029X
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2021
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/358255
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/358255
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196478
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Computer networks
Internet of things
LoRaWAN
LPWAN
SF12 well
Congestion
Well fall time
AFLoRa
Internet de les coses
Xarxes d'àrea estesa (Xarxes d'ordinadors)
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
id ES_f346df2e5dd2f728385b237d82f9cc76
oai_identifier_str oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/358255
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
spelling The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutionsCasals Ibáñez, Lluís|||0000-0002-1203-0595Gómez Montenegro, Carlos|||0000-0002-4186-8418Vidal Ferré, Rafael|||0000-0003-2217-029XComputer networksInternet of thingsLoRaWANLPWANSF12 wellCongestionWell fall timeAFLoRaInternet de les cosesXarxes d'àrea estesa (Xarxes d'ordinadors)Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors© 2021 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)LoRaWAN has become a popular technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) device connectivity. One of the expected properties of LoRaWAN is high network scalability. However, LoRaWAN network performance may be compromised when even a relatively small number of devices use link-layer reliability. After failed frame delivery, such devices typically tend to reduce their physical layer bit rate by increasing their spreading factor (SF). This reaction increases channel utilization, which may further degrade network performance, even into congestion collapse. When this problem arises, all the devices performing reliable frame transmission end up using SF12 (i.e., the highest SF in LoRaWAN). In this paper, we identify and characterize the described network condition, which we call the SF12 Well, in a range of scenarios and by means of extensive simulations. The results show that by using alternative SF-management techniques it is possible to avoid the problem, while achieving a packet delivery ratio increase of up to a factor of 4.7.Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)20212021-09-2820212021-12-13journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/358255https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196478reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2019-106808RA-I00 RED MALLADA IOT CON RADIO DE BAJA POTENCIAopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 3.0 Spainhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/3582552026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
title The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
spellingShingle The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
Casals Ibáñez, Lluís|||0000-0002-1203-0595
Computer networks
Internet of things
LoRaWAN
LPWAN
SF12 well
Congestion
Well fall time
AFLoRa
Internet de les coses
Xarxes d'àrea estesa (Xarxes d'ordinadors)
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
title_short The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
title_full The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
title_fullStr The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
title_full_unstemmed The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
title_sort The SF12 well in LoRaWAN: problem and end-device-based solutions
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Casals Ibáñez, Lluís|||0000-0002-1203-0595
Gómez Montenegro, Carlos|||0000-0002-4186-8418
Vidal Ferré, Rafael|||0000-0003-2217-029X
author Casals Ibáñez, Lluís|||0000-0002-1203-0595
author_facet Casals Ibáñez, Lluís|||0000-0002-1203-0595
Gómez Montenegro, Carlos|||0000-0002-4186-8418
Vidal Ferré, Rafael|||0000-0003-2217-029X
author_role author
author2 Gómez Montenegro, Carlos|||0000-0002-4186-8418
Vidal Ferré, Rafael|||0000-0003-2217-029X
author2_role author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Computer networks
Internet of things
LoRaWAN
LPWAN
SF12 well
Congestion
Well fall time
AFLoRa
Internet de les coses
Xarxes d'àrea estesa (Xarxes d'ordinadors)
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
topic Computer networks
Internet of things
LoRaWAN
LPWAN
SF12 well
Congestion
Well fall time
AFLoRa
Internet de les coses
Xarxes d'àrea estesa (Xarxes d'ordinadors)
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
description © 2021 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
publishDate 2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2021
2021-09-28
2021
2021-12-13
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/358255
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196478
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/358255
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196478
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020 PID2019-106808RA-I00 RED MALLADA IOT CON RADIO DE BAJA POTENCIA
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 3.0 Spain
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 3.0 Spain
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869424361957490688
score 15,300719

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