CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius

[Context] The outer Galaxy is characterized by lower metallicity compared to regions near the Sun, which suggests that the formation and survival of molecules in star-forming regions within the inner and outer Galaxy are likely to be different.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Gigli, D., Fontani, Francesco, Colzi, Laura, Vermariën, G., Viti, Serena, Rivilla, Víctor M., Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/415844
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/415844
http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26556v2
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:ISM: abundances
ISM: clouds
ISM: molecules
Stars: formation
Stars: protostars
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repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
title CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
spellingShingle CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
Gigli, D.
ISM: abundances
ISM: clouds
ISM: molecules
Stars: formation
Stars: protostars
title_short CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
title_full CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
title_fullStr CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
title_full_unstemmed CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
title_sort CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radius
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Gigli, D.
Fontani, Francesco
Colzi, Laura
Vermariën, G.
Viti, Serena
Rivilla, Víctor M.
Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro
author Gigli, D.
author_facet Gigli, D.
Fontani, Francesco
Colzi, Laura
Vermariën, G.
Viti, Serena
Rivilla, Víctor M.
Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro
author_role author
author2 Fontani, Francesco
Colzi, Laura
Vermariën, G.
Viti, Serena
Rivilla, Víctor M.
Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)
European Commission
European Research Council
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro [0000-0002-3078-9482]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv ISM: abundances
ISM: clouds
ISM: molecules
Stars: formation
Stars: protostars
topic ISM: abundances
ISM: clouds
ISM: molecules
Stars: formation
Stars: protostars
description [Context] The outer Galaxy is characterized by lower metallicity compared to regions near the Sun, which suggests that the formation and survival of molecules in star-forming regions within the inner and outer Galaxy are likely to be different.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/415844
http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26556v2
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/415844
http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26556v2
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Fontani, Francesco; Colzi, Laura; Vermariën, G.; Viti, Serena; Rivilla, Víctor M.; Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro; 2025; CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the Galactocentric radius (additional plots); Zenodo; Version v1; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17187165
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555956
Sí
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eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
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spelling CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the galactocentric radiusGigli, D.Fontani, FrancescoColzi, LauraVermariën, G.Viti, SerenaRivilla, Víctor M.Sánchez-Monge, ÁlvaroISM: abundancesISM: cloudsISM: moleculesStars: formationStars: protostars[Context] The outer Galaxy is characterized by lower metallicity compared to regions near the Sun, which suggests that the formation and survival of molecules in star-forming regions within the inner and outer Galaxy are likely to be different.[Aims] To understand how chemistry evolves across the Milky Way, deriving molecular abundances in star-forming regions in the outer Galaxy is essential to refining chemical models designed for environments with subsolar metallicity.[Methods] We analyzed IRAM 30 m observations in several spectral windows at 3 and 2 mm, toward a sample of 35 sources located at galactocentric distances of ~9–24 kpc in the context of the project CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the outer Galaxy (CHEMOUT).[Results] We focused on the species that have the highest detection rate (i.e., HCN, HCO+, c-C3H2, H13CO+, HCO, and SO), and searched for possible trends in column densities, abundances, and line widths with the galactocentric distance. We also updated the abundances for H2CO and CH3OH, presented in a previous work, using H2 column densities from new NIKA2 dust continuum maps. The fractional abundances with respect to H2 of most of the species (i.e., HCN, HCO+, c-C3H2, HCO, H2CO, and CH3OH) scale at most as the elemental fractional abundance of carbon ([C/H]) up to the investigated galactocentric distance of ~24 kpc. For the abundances of SO, we find a steeper gradient than that of sulfur elemental abundance ([S/H]). In contrast, the abundances of H13CO+ exhibit a shallower gradient relative to that of [13C/H]. Interestingly, we find that gas turbulence, as derived from the full width at half maximum of the lines, decreases with galactocentric distance for all the species investigated, suggesting a more quiescent environment in the outer Galaxy.[Conclusions] These results suggest that, in the outer Galaxy, the efficiency in the formation of most of the molecules studied, scaling with the availability of the parent element, is at least as high as in the local Galaxy, or perhaps even higher (e.g., for H13CO+). Yet, other species, such as SO, are characterized by a lower formation efficiency. These outcomes have important implications for the chemistry occurring in the outermost star-forming regions of the Galaxy and can help to constrain models adapted to lower metallicity environments.We thank the anonymous referee for providing valuable comments and suggestions that improved the scientific content of this paper. F.F. is grateful to the IRAM 30 m staff for their precious help during the observations. L.C. and V.M.R acknowledge support from grant no. PID2022-136814NB-I00 by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/State Agency of Research MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF, UE. V.M.R. also acknowledges support from the grant RYC2020-029387-I funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF, Investing in your future”, and from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) and the Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) through the project 20225 AT015 (Proyectos intramurales especiales del CSIC); and from the grant CNS2023-144464 funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nos. 730562 and 101004719 (ORP: https://www.orp-h2020.eu). SV and GV acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) Advanced grant MOPPEX 833460. A.S.-M. acknowledges support from the RyC2021-032892-I grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union ‘Next GenerationEU’/PRTR, as well as the program Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M, and support from the PID2023-146675NB-I00 (MCI-AEI-FEDER, UE).With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2020-001058-M)Peer reviewedEDP SciencesAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)European CommissionEuropean Research CouncilMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro [0000-0002-3078-9482]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202620262025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/415844http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26556v2reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-136814NB-I00info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI//RYC2020-029387-Iinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/730562info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101004719info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/833460info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI//RyC2021-032892-Iinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CEX2020-001058-Minfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2023-146675NB-I00Fontani, Francesco; Colzi, Laura; Vermariën, G.; Viti, Serena; Rivilla, Víctor M.; Sánchez-Monge, Álvaro; 2025; CHEMOUT: CHEMical complexity in star-forming regions of the OUTer Galaxy. V. Chemical composition gradients as a function of the Galactocentric radius (additional plots); Zenodo; Version v1; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17187165https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555956Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/4158442026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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