Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess differences in clinical symptoms and signs of DED in non-adherent to treatment patients to describe long-term disease progression. Methods: 120 patients previously diagnosed with Dry Eye Disease (DED) were contacted to undergo a second eye examinat...

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Authors: Sabucedo Villamarín, Belén, García Queiruga, Jacobo, Pena Verdeal, Hugo, Ginzo Villamayor, María José, García Resúa, Carlos, Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús, Yebra-Pimentel Vilar, Eva
Format: article
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
Repository:Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
Language:English
OAI Identifier:oai:minerva.usc.gal:10347/43959
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/10347/43959
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:DED natural course
OSDI questionnaire
Tear film osmolarity
Tear film stability
Corneal staining
Longitudinal study
Maximum blink interval
220915 Optometría
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spelling Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to TreatmentSabucedo Villamarín, BelénGarcía Queiruga, JacoboPena Verdeal, HugoGinzo Villamayor, María JoséGarcía Resúa, CarlosGiráldez Fernández, María JesúsYebra-Pimentel Vilar, EvaDED natural courseOSDI questionnaireTear film osmolarityTear film stabilityCorneal stainingLongitudinal studyMaximum blink interval220915 OptometríaBackground: The purpose of this study was to assess differences in clinical symptoms and signs of DED in non-adherent to treatment patients to describe long-term disease progression. Methods: 120 patients previously diagnosed with Dry Eye Disease (DED) were contacted to undergo a second eye examination. The final included participants were classified into three groups based on when the second examination was scheduled: 4 years (Group 1; n = 33), 6 years (Group 2; n = 18) or 8 years (Group 3; n = 37) since the diagnostic visit. All included participants were classified as ‘non-adherent to DED treatment’, defined as patients who reported not following their prescribed DED therapy. In both examinations, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear film osmolarity, inter-eye osmolarity (osmolarity|OD-OS|), Fluorescein Break-Up Time (FBUT), Maximum Blink Interval (MBI) and corneal staining were evaluated. Results: OSDI score improved after 4 years of DED diagnosis (Group 1, mean difference close to 12 points, p < 0.001) and after 8 years (Group 3, mean difference of 9 points, p < 0.001), but remained stable after 6 years (Group 2, p = 0.328). Osmolarity worsened only after 6 years of DED diagnosis (Group 2, mean difference of 13.2 mOsm/L, p = 0.011), while osmolarity|OD–OS| showed no change (all p ≥ 0.231). FBUT values were stable across all groups (all p ≥ 0.265). MBI increased after 4 and 8 years of DED diagnosis (Groups 1 and 3, p ≤ 0.003), but not after 6 years (Group 2, p = 0.391). Corneal staining worsened after 8 years of DED diagnosis (Group 3, 0.55 points, p = 0.011), with no changes at 4 or 6 years (Groups 1 and 2, both p ≥ 0.318). Conclusions: In non-adherent DED patients, osmolarity|OD-OS| and tear film stability remain stable during the natural course of the disease, while ocular surface damage increases. However, the subjective symptomatology and the nociceptive blink reflex due to ocular discomfort decreased since the diagnostic visit.MDPIUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Física AplicadaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Estatística, Análise Matemática e Optimización20252025-11-2020252025-11-20journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/10347/43959reponame:Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostelainstname:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licensehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:minerva.usc.gal:10347/439592026-06-15T12:47:27Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
title Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
spellingShingle Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
Sabucedo Villamarín, Belén
DED natural course
OSDI questionnaire
Tear film osmolarity
Tear film stability
Corneal staining
Longitudinal study
Maximum blink interval
220915 Optometría
title_short Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
title_full Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
title_fullStr Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
title_full_unstemmed Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
title_sort Long-Term Study of the Changes in Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease in Participants Non-Adherent to Treatment
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Sabucedo Villamarín, Belén
García Queiruga, Jacobo
Pena Verdeal, Hugo
Ginzo Villamayor, María José
García Resúa, Carlos
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús
Yebra-Pimentel Vilar, Eva
author Sabucedo Villamarín, Belén
author_facet Sabucedo Villamarín, Belén
García Queiruga, Jacobo
Pena Verdeal, Hugo
Ginzo Villamayor, María José
García Resúa, Carlos
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús
Yebra-Pimentel Vilar, Eva
author_role author
author2 García Queiruga, Jacobo
Pena Verdeal, Hugo
Ginzo Villamayor, María José
García Resúa, Carlos
Giráldez Fernández, María Jesús
Yebra-Pimentel Vilar, Eva
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Física Aplicada
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Estatística, Análise Matemática e Optimización
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv DED natural course
OSDI questionnaire
Tear film osmolarity
Tear film stability
Corneal staining
Longitudinal study
Maximum blink interval
220915 Optometría
topic DED natural course
OSDI questionnaire
Tear film osmolarity
Tear film stability
Corneal staining
Longitudinal study
Maximum blink interval
220915 Optometría
description Background: The purpose of this study was to assess differences in clinical symptoms and signs of DED in non-adherent to treatment patients to describe long-term disease progression. Methods: 120 patients previously diagnosed with Dry Eye Disease (DED) were contacted to undergo a second eye examination. The final included participants were classified into three groups based on when the second examination was scheduled: 4 years (Group 1; n = 33), 6 years (Group 2; n = 18) or 8 years (Group 3; n = 37) since the diagnostic visit. All included participants were classified as ‘non-adherent to DED treatment’, defined as patients who reported not following their prescribed DED therapy. In both examinations, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear film osmolarity, inter-eye osmolarity (osmolarity|OD-OS|), Fluorescein Break-Up Time (FBUT), Maximum Blink Interval (MBI) and corneal staining were evaluated. Results: OSDI score improved after 4 years of DED diagnosis (Group 1, mean difference close to 12 points, p < 0.001) and after 8 years (Group 3, mean difference of 9 points, p < 0.001), but remained stable after 6 years (Group 2, p = 0.328). Osmolarity worsened only after 6 years of DED diagnosis (Group 2, mean difference of 13.2 mOsm/L, p = 0.011), while osmolarity|OD–OS| showed no change (all p ≥ 0.231). FBUT values were stable across all groups (all p ≥ 0.265). MBI increased after 4 and 8 years of DED diagnosis (Groups 1 and 3, p ≤ 0.003), but not after 6 years (Group 2, p = 0.391). Corneal staining worsened after 8 years of DED diagnosis (Group 3, 0.55 points, p = 0.011), with no changes at 4 or 6 years (Groups 1 and 2, both p ≥ 0.318). Conclusions: In non-adherent DED patients, osmolarity|OD-OS| and tear film stability remain stable during the natural course of the disease, while ocular surface damage increases. However, the subjective symptomatology and the nociceptive blink reflex due to ocular discomfort decreased since the diagnostic visit.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-11-20
2025
2025-11-20
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10347/43959
url https://hdl.handle.net/10347/43959
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
instname:Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
instname_str Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)
reponame_str Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
collection Minerva. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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