Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment

Background. Theory of Mind (ToM) is impaired in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). Given the neurodevelopmental nature of both social cognition and SZ, variations in ToM abilities likely originate early in life. Thus, indirect markers of altered neurodevelopment, such as neurological soft signs (N...

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Authors: Giralt López, Maria, Miret, Salvador, Campanera, S., Moreira, M., Sotero-Moreno, A., Hostalet, N., Lázaro, L., Krebs, M. O., Fañanás Saura, Lourdes, Fatjó-Vilas, Mar
Format: article
Status:Published version
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
Repository:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
OAI Identifier:oai:recercat.cat:10459.1/468750
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100384
https://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Schizophrenia
Theory of mind
Neurological soft signs
Premorbid adjustment
Unaffected siblings
Endophenotype
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spelling Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustmentGiralt López, MariaMiret, SalvadorCampanera, S.Moreira, M.Sotero-Moreno, A.Hostalet, N.Lázaro, L.Krebs, M. O.Fañanás Saura, LourdesFatjó-Vilas, MarSchizophreniaTheory of mindNeurological soft signsPremorbid adjustmentUnaffected siblingsEndophenotypeBackground. Theory of Mind (ToM) is impaired in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). Given the neurodevelopmental nature of both social cognition and SZ, variations in ToM abilities likely originate early in life. Thus, indirect markers of altered neurodevelopment, such as neurological soft signs (NSS) and premorbid adjustment (PA), may help explain ToM differences. Methods. The study included 38 patients diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD), 26 healthy siblings and 47 controls. ToM was assessed using the Hinting Task (HT). NSS were evaluated with the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and PA with the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS), yielding Social and Academic scores. Intelligence Quotient (IQ, WAIS-III) and Family History (FH, Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS)) were also assessed. Results. First, patients presented more deficits in two subscales of the NES (motor coordination and sequencing of complex motor acts) than siblings and controls, with siblings performing intermediate in the sequencing subscale. Patients showed worse social PA than siblings during childhood and late adolescence. Second, patients showed poorer HT performance than siblings and controls, but the neurodevelopmental markers did not modulate such differences. Third, within each group, neurodevelopmental vulnerability markers were not associated with ToM performance. Conclusion. In our sample, while patients showed more evidence of neurodevelopmental deviances than siblings and controls, such differences did not contribute to ToM variability. These results suggest a degree of independence between ToM and NSS/PA and that they could be potentially influenced by distinct neurodevelopmental mechanisms.Elsevier2025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100384https://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunyainstname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)InglésReproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100384Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 2025, vol. 42, 100384cc-by-nc (c)The Authors, 2025Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/oai:recercat.cat:10459.1/4687502026-05-29T05:05:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
title Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
spellingShingle Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
Giralt López, Maria
Schizophrenia
Theory of mind
Neurological soft signs
Premorbid adjustment
Unaffected siblings
Endophenotype
title_short Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
title_full Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
title_fullStr Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
title_full_unstemmed Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
title_sort Theory of mind variability in schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental perspective through neurological soft signs and premorbid adjustment
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Giralt López, Maria
Miret, Salvador
Campanera, S.
Moreira, M.
Sotero-Moreno, A.
Hostalet, N.
Lázaro, L.
Krebs, M. O.
Fañanás Saura, Lourdes
Fatjó-Vilas, Mar
author Giralt López, Maria
author_facet Giralt López, Maria
Miret, Salvador
Campanera, S.
Moreira, M.
Sotero-Moreno, A.
Hostalet, N.
Lázaro, L.
Krebs, M. O.
Fañanás Saura, Lourdes
Fatjó-Vilas, Mar
author_role author
author2 Miret, Salvador
Campanera, S.
Moreira, M.
Sotero-Moreno, A.
Hostalet, N.
Lázaro, L.
Krebs, M. O.
Fañanás Saura, Lourdes
Fatjó-Vilas, Mar
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Schizophrenia
Theory of mind
Neurological soft signs
Premorbid adjustment
Unaffected siblings
Endophenotype
topic Schizophrenia
Theory of mind
Neurological soft signs
Premorbid adjustment
Unaffected siblings
Endophenotype
description Background. Theory of Mind (ToM) is impaired in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). Given the neurodevelopmental nature of both social cognition and SZ, variations in ToM abilities likely originate early in life. Thus, indirect markers of altered neurodevelopment, such as neurological soft signs (NSS) and premorbid adjustment (PA), may help explain ToM differences. Methods. The study included 38 patients diagnosed with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD), 26 healthy siblings and 47 controls. ToM was assessed using the Hinting Task (HT). NSS were evaluated with the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and PA with the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS), yielding Social and Academic scores. Intelligence Quotient (IQ, WAIS-III) and Family History (FH, Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS)) were also assessed. Results. First, patients presented more deficits in two subscales of the NES (motor coordination and sequencing of complex motor acts) than siblings and controls, with siblings performing intermediate in the sequencing subscale. Patients showed worse social PA than siblings during childhood and late adolescence. Second, patients showed poorer HT performance than siblings and controls, but the neurodevelopmental markers did not modulate such differences. Third, within each group, neurodevelopmental vulnerability markers were not associated with ToM performance. Conclusion. In our sample, while patients showed more evidence of neurodevelopmental deviances than siblings and controls, such differences did not contribute to ToM variability. These results suggest a degree of independence between ToM and NSS/PA and that they could be potentially influenced by distinct neurodevelopmental mechanisms.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100384
https://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750
url https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100384
https://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/468750
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2025.100384
Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 2025, vol. 42, 100384
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv cc-by-nc (c)The Authors, 2025
Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
rights_invalid_str_mv cc-by-nc (c)The Authors, 2025
Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
instname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
instname_str Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
reponame_str Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
collection Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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