Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods

Background: COVID-19 pandemic produced an important decrease in life expectancy at birth (LE) in 2020 in Western European countries, which has only been recovered in 2023. Spain has the highest LE in the European Union in spite of being one of the European countries more affected by the pandemic. Th...

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Autores: Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X, Gómez Acebo, Inés, Alonso Molero, Jessica, Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Cantabria (UC)
Repositorio:UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:repositorio.unican.es:10902/38150
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/10902/38150
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Life expectancy
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Age-specific mortality
Cause-of-death decomposition
Infectious diseases
Chronic diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Spain
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spelling Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periodsLlorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861XGómez Acebo, InésAlonso Molero, JessicaDierssen Sotos, TrinidadLife expectancyCOVID-19Excess mortalityAge-specific mortalityCause-of-death decompositionInfectious diseasesChronic diseasesCardiovascular diseasesSpainBackground: COVID-19 pandemic produced an important decrease in life expectancy at birth (LE) in 2020 in Western European countries, which has only been recovered in 2023. Spain has the highest LE in the European Union in spite of being one of the European countries more affected by the pandemic. The main goal in this study is to decompose the LE changes in Spain over the 2019-2023 period into age-specific and cause-of-death-specific contributions, and to compare them with those occurred in the pre-pandemic period 2010-2019. Methods: Data on LE and mortality rates by age and for each main group of causes was obtained from the Spanish National Institute for Statistics (INE) for years 2010, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. We estimated age-specific contribution to changes in LE using the Arriaga decomposition method. Age-specific contributions were proportionally attributed to each main cause of death. Results: Age groups higher than 20 years old had negative contribution to LE in 2020 and, most of them, positive contribution in each year from then. Paradoxically, the most affected groups in 2020 have positive contribution to LE changes in the whole 2019/2023 period, while age groups under 45 years old have still negative contributions to LE. Infectious diseases were the main contributor to the sharp drop in life expectancy in 2020, accounting for - 1.33 years in the total population, with a more severe impact in men (- 1.43 years) than in women (- 1.16 years). From 2021 onwards, their contribution became positive, with a net effect close to zero by 2023 (- 0.11 in men; -0.20 in women). Neoplasms showed no signs of pandemic-related excess mortality. On the contrary, they maintained a positive contribution throughout the period, particularly in men (+ 0.25 years, compared to + 0.05 in women). Circulatory diseases also made a positive contribution to LE in the whole period (+ 0.09 years in men, + 0.16 years in women), although almost of it happened in 2023. Conclusion: Four years after the beginning of the pandemic, age groups under 45 years old have still negative contributions to LE. Tumours and cardiovascular diseases have the more positive contribution to LE changes in 2019/2023. Nevertheless, while tumours contributed positively each single year, cardiovascular diseases only made a relevant positive contribution in the post-pandemic 2023.BioMed CentralUniversidad de Cantabria20252025-01-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501NAhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://hdl.handle.net/10902/38150BMC Public Health, 2025, 25, 3748reponame:UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabriainstname:Universidad de Cantabria (UC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:repositorio.unican.es:10902/381502026-06-02T12:39:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
title Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
spellingShingle Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
Life expectancy
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Age-specific mortality
Cause-of-death decomposition
Infectious diseases
Chronic diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Spain
title_short Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
title_full Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
title_fullStr Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
title_full_unstemmed Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
title_sort Decomposing life expectancy changes in Spain in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic periods
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
Gómez Acebo, Inés
Alonso Molero, Jessica
Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
author Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
author_facet Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
Gómez Acebo, Inés
Alonso Molero, Jessica
Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
author_role author
author2 Gómez Acebo, Inés
Alonso Molero, Jessica
Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
author2_role author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Cantabria
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Life expectancy
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Age-specific mortality
Cause-of-death decomposition
Infectious diseases
Chronic diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Spain
topic Life expectancy
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Age-specific mortality
Cause-of-death decomposition
Infectious diseases
Chronic diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Spain
description Background: COVID-19 pandemic produced an important decrease in life expectancy at birth (LE) in 2020 in Western European countries, which has only been recovered in 2023. Spain has the highest LE in the European Union in spite of being one of the European countries more affected by the pandemic. The main goal in this study is to decompose the LE changes in Spain over the 2019-2023 period into age-specific and cause-of-death-specific contributions, and to compare them with those occurred in the pre-pandemic period 2010-2019. Methods: Data on LE and mortality rates by age and for each main group of causes was obtained from the Spanish National Institute for Statistics (INE) for years 2010, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023. We estimated age-specific contribution to changes in LE using the Arriaga decomposition method. Age-specific contributions were proportionally attributed to each main cause of death. Results: Age groups higher than 20 years old had negative contribution to LE in 2020 and, most of them, positive contribution in each year from then. Paradoxically, the most affected groups in 2020 have positive contribution to LE changes in the whole 2019/2023 period, while age groups under 45 years old have still negative contributions to LE. Infectious diseases were the main contributor to the sharp drop in life expectancy in 2020, accounting for - 1.33 years in the total population, with a more severe impact in men (- 1.43 years) than in women (- 1.16 years). From 2021 onwards, their contribution became positive, with a net effect close to zero by 2023 (- 0.11 in men; -0.20 in women). Neoplasms showed no signs of pandemic-related excess mortality. On the contrary, they maintained a positive contribution throughout the period, particularly in men (+ 0.25 years, compared to + 0.05 in women). Circulatory diseases also made a positive contribution to LE in the whole period (+ 0.09 years in men, + 0.16 years in women), although almost of it happened in 2023. Conclusion: Four years after the beginning of the pandemic, age groups under 45 years old have still negative contributions to LE. Tumours and cardiovascular diseases have the more positive contribution to LE changes in 2019/2023. Nevertheless, while tumours contributed positively each single year, cardiovascular diseases only made a relevant positive contribution in the post-pandemic 2023.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
NA
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10902/38150
url https://hdl.handle.net/10902/38150
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv BioMed Central
publisher.none.fl_str_mv BioMed Central
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv BMC Public Health, 2025, 25, 3748
reponame:UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
instname:Universidad de Cantabria (UC)
instname_str Universidad de Cantabria (UC)
reponame_str UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
collection UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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