Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change

The net effect of stress induced by climate change on forest functional dynamics remains uncertain. We monitored the dynamics of wood formation and cambial phenology for 11 consecutive years in two co-occurring tree species with different drought tolerance, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica, pr...

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Detalhes bibliográficos
Autores: Almagro, David, Martín-Benito, Darío, Rossi, Sergio, Conde, María, Fernández-de-Uña, L., Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/406707
Acesso em linha:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/406707
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105016768628
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Pinus sylvestris
Quercus pyrenaica
Global change
Growth dynamics
Oak
Phenological sensitivity
Pine
Xylogenesis
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
title Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
spellingShingle Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
Almagro, David
Pinus sylvestris
Quercus pyrenaica
Global change
Growth dynamics
Oak
Phenological sensitivity
Pine
Xylogenesis
title_short Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
title_full Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
title_fullStr Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
title_full_unstemmed Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
title_sort Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Almagro, David
Martín-Benito, Darío
Rossi, Sergio
Conde, María
Fernández-de-Uña, L.
Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo
author Almagro, David
author_facet Almagro, David
Martín-Benito, Darío
Rossi, Sergio
Conde, María
Fernández-de-Uña, L.
Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo
author_role author
author2 Martín-Benito, Darío
Rossi, Sergio
Conde, María
Fernández-de-Uña, L.
Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Commission
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Almagro, David [0009-0009-9106-7705]
Martín-Benito, Darío [0000-0002-6738-3312]
Rossi, Sergio [0000-0002-9919-0494]
Fernández-de-Uña, L. [0000-0001-8136-2545]
Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo [0000-0003-0148-3721]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Pinus sylvestris
Quercus pyrenaica
Global change
Growth dynamics
Oak
Phenological sensitivity
Pine
Xylogenesis
topic Pinus sylvestris
Quercus pyrenaica
Global change
Growth dynamics
Oak
Phenological sensitivity
Pine
Xylogenesis
description The net effect of stress induced by climate change on forest functional dynamics remains uncertain. We monitored the dynamics of wood formation and cambial phenology for 11 consecutive years in two co-occurring tree species with different drought tolerance, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica, providing a unique long-term xylogenesis dataset (2012–2022). To assess the influence of climate on cambial and xylem developmental phases, we analyzed biologically meaningful climatic covariates across different time windows. In pine, late-winter temperatures strongly regulated the onset of cambial reactivation, advancing it 5.5 days per°C of warming, with reactivation occurring between early April and mid-May depending on winter thermal conditions. The onset of cambial reactivation in oaks was influenced both by soil water content and late-winter temperature, although the effect of temperature was weaker and restricted to a narrower time window than in pines. The effect of climate on the end of enlargement was nearly identical in both species, consistent with a turgor-driven regulation: higher maximum temperatures accelerated the process, whereas late-spring precipitation in late spring delayed it. In oaks and pines, the end of wood formation was advanced under hot and dry summers, inducing the early cessation of secondary wall lignification and, thus, reducing the length of xylogenesis. Despite the positive effect of warmer winters on earlier cambial resumption in pines, the duration of the enlargement phase (i.e., radial growth period) remained consistently shorter than in the more drought-tolerant oaks. Yet, the high phenological pasticity of pines to winter temperatures may also increase their growth duration, thereby partially buffering the negative effects of hotter droughts. The long dataset analyzed provided a robust assessment of species-specific phenological plasticity under climate change. Disentangling the net effect of climate on xylogenesis is crucial to understand future growth dynamics in mixed forests where more drought-tolerant species are becoming increasingly dominant.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
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Publisher's version
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/406707
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105016768628
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/406707
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105016768628
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
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The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70503
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70503
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-VCH
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spelling Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate ChangeAlmagro, DavidMartín-Benito, DaríoRossi, SergioConde, MaríaFernández-de-Uña, L.Gea-Izquierdo, GuillermoPinus sylvestrisQuercus pyrenaicaGlobal changeGrowth dynamicsOakPhenological sensitivityPineXylogenesisThe net effect of stress induced by climate change on forest functional dynamics remains uncertain. We monitored the dynamics of wood formation and cambial phenology for 11 consecutive years in two co-occurring tree species with different drought tolerance, Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica, providing a unique long-term xylogenesis dataset (2012–2022). To assess the influence of climate on cambial and xylem developmental phases, we analyzed biologically meaningful climatic covariates across different time windows. In pine, late-winter temperatures strongly regulated the onset of cambial reactivation, advancing it 5.5 days per°C of warming, with reactivation occurring between early April and mid-May depending on winter thermal conditions. The onset of cambial reactivation in oaks was influenced both by soil water content and late-winter temperature, although the effect of temperature was weaker and restricted to a narrower time window than in pines. The effect of climate on the end of enlargement was nearly identical in both species, consistent with a turgor-driven regulation: higher maximum temperatures accelerated the process, whereas late-spring precipitation in late spring delayed it. In oaks and pines, the end of wood formation was advanced under hot and dry summers, inducing the early cessation of secondary wall lignification and, thus, reducing the length of xylogenesis. Despite the positive effect of warmer winters on earlier cambial resumption in pines, the duration of the enlargement phase (i.e., radial growth period) remained consistently shorter than in the more drought-tolerant oaks. Yet, the high phenological pasticity of pines to winter temperatures may also increase their growth duration, thereby partially buffering the negative effects of hotter droughts. The long dataset analyzed provided a robust assessment of species-specific phenological plasticity under climate change. Disentangling the net effect of climate on xylogenesis is crucial to understand future growth dynamics in mixed forests where more drought-tolerant species are becoming increasingly dominant.This study was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects PID2019-110273RB-I00 and PID2022-142746NB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, TED2021-131947B-100 funded by the EU NextGenerationEU/PRTR, IFN-2021, PIE-202520E077, AGL2015-73190-JIN, RYC-2017-23389, AGL2014-61175-JIN, and RyC-2014-15864. David Almagro Fernández-Tostado benefited from a PhD FPI grant (PRE2020-096050) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. We thank M. Conde, A. Bachiller, E. Viscasillas, A. Ruano, A. Pérez, and I. Muiño for field and laboratory assistance.Peer reviewedWiley-VCHEuropean CommissionAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Almagro, David [0009-0009-9106-7705]Martín-Benito, Darío [0000-0002-6738-3312]Rossi, Sergio [0000-0002-9919-0494]Fernández-de-Uña, L. [0000-0001-8136-2545]Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo [0000-0003-0148-3721]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/406707https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105016768628reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2019-110273RB-I00info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-142746NB-I00info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI//TED2021-131947B-100info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//AGL2015-73190-JINinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//AGL2014-61175-JINThe underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70503https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70503Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/4067072026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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