Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation

Howard, Kristen R.; Prado‐Nóvoa, Olalla; Zorrilla Revilla, Guillermo; Laskaridou, Eleni; Reid, Glen R.; Marinik, Elaina L.; Stamatiou, Marina; Hambly, Catherine; Davy, Brenda M.; Speakman, John R.; Davy, Kevin P.

Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation

The prevailing linear model of physical activity (PA) and total energy expenditure (TEE) has been challenged by models that predict an upper limit of TEE linked to a compensatory reduction elsewhere in the energy budget in response to increased PA. We determined the equation of best fit between PA a...

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Autores:	Howard, Kristen R., Prado‐Nóvoa, Olalla, Zorrilla Revilla, Guillermo, Laskaridou, Eleni, Reid, Glen R., Marinik, Elaina L., Stamatiou, Marina, Hambly, Catherine, Davy, Brenda M., Speakman, John R., Davy, Kevin P.
Tipo de recurso:	artículo
Estado:	Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:	2025
País:	España
Institución:	Universidad de Burgos (UBU)
Repositorio:	Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos (RIUBU)
OAI Identifier:	oai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/11212
Acceso en línea:	https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11212
Access Level:	acceso abierto
Palabra clave:	Physical activity Energy expenditure Doubly-labelled water Constraint Compensation Fisiología humana Ejercicio físico Metabolismo energético Human physiology Exercise Energy metabolism

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spelling	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensationHoward, Kristen R.Prado‐Nóvoa, OlallaZorrilla Revilla, GuillermoLaskaridou, EleniReid, Glen R.Marinik, Elaina L.Stamatiou, MarinaHambly, CatherineDavy, Brenda M.Speakman, John R.Davy, Kevin P.Physical activityEnergy expenditureDoubly-labelled waterConstraintCompensationFisiología humanaEjercicio físicoMetabolismo energéticoHuman physiologyExerciseEnergy metabolismThe prevailing linear model of physical activity (PA) and total energy expenditure (TEE) has been challenged by models that predict an upper limit of TEE linked to a compensatory reduction elsewhere in the energy budget in response to increased PA. We determined the equation of best fit between PA and TEE and explored relationships between PA and behavioral and physiological compensation. Using linear and nonlinear modeling, we observed a positive linear relationship between PA and TEE either without or after adjustment for fat-free mass (R2= 0.3492, TEE = 0.00685PA + 7.124: R2=0.3667, TEE_ADJ(FFM) = 0.00511PA + 8.598). Higher PA was associated with lower sedentary time (R2= 0.7207, %SPA= −0.0211*X + 91.261). There was no association between PA, TEE, or resting metabolic rate and adjusted biomarkers of immune, reproductive, or thyroid function after Bonferroni correction. The findings of this observational study do not support the constrained/compensated model but affirm the conventional additive relationship between PA and TEE across a broad range of PA levels.K.R.H. is funded by a Virginia Tech Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Predoctoral Fellowship, O.P.-N. is funded by a Virginia Tech Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship, and G.Z.-R. is funded by Next Generation European Union funds Margarita Salas Postdoctoral Fellowship.National Academy of Sciences202620262025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/10259/11212reponame:Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos (RIUBU)instname:Universidad de Burgos (UBU)InglésProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2025, V. 122, n. 43, p. e2519626122https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2519626122Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:riubu.ubu.es:10259/112122026-05-28T07:56:11Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
title	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
spellingShingle	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation Howard, Kristen R. Physical activity Energy expenditure Doubly-labelled water Constraint Compensation Fisiología humana Ejercicio físico Metabolismo energético Human physiology Exercise Energy metabolism
title_short	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
title_full	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
title_fullStr	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
title_full_unstemmed	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
title_sort	Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Howard, Kristen R. Prado‐Nóvoa, Olalla Zorrilla Revilla, Guillermo Laskaridou, Eleni Reid, Glen R. Marinik, Elaina L. Stamatiou, Marina Hambly, Catherine Davy, Brenda M. Speakman, John R. Davy, Kevin P.
author	Howard, Kristen R.
author_facet	Howard, Kristen R. Prado‐Nóvoa, Olalla Zorrilla Revilla, Guillermo Laskaridou, Eleni Reid, Glen R. Marinik, Elaina L. Stamatiou, Marina Hambly, Catherine Davy, Brenda M. Speakman, John R. Davy, Kevin P.
author_role	author
author2	Prado‐Nóvoa, Olalla Zorrilla Revilla, Guillermo Laskaridou, Eleni Reid, Glen R. Marinik, Elaina L. Stamatiou, Marina Hambly, Catherine Davy, Brenda M. Speakman, John R. Davy, Kevin P.
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Physical activity Energy expenditure Doubly-labelled water Constraint Compensation Fisiología humana Ejercicio físico Metabolismo energético Human physiology Exercise Energy metabolism
topic	Physical activity Energy expenditure Doubly-labelled water Constraint Compensation Fisiología humana Ejercicio físico Metabolismo energético Human physiology Exercise Energy metabolism
description	The prevailing linear model of physical activity (PA) and total energy expenditure (TEE) has been challenged by models that predict an upper limit of TEE linked to a compensatory reduction elsewhere in the energy budget in response to increased PA. We determined the equation of best fit between PA and TEE and explored relationships between PA and behavioral and physiological compensation. Using linear and nonlinear modeling, we observed a positive linear relationship between PA and TEE either without or after adjustment for fat-free mass (R2= 0.3492, TEE = 0.00685PA + 7.124: R2=0.3667, TEE_ADJ(FFM) = 0.00511PA + 8.598). Higher PA was associated with lower sedentary time (R2= 0.7207, %SPA= −0.0211*X + 91.261). There was no association between PA, TEE, or resting metabolic rate and adjusted biomarkers of immune, reproductive, or thyroid function after Bonferroni correction. The findings of this observational study do not support the constrained/compensated model but affirm the conventional additive relationship between PA and TEE across a broad range of PA levels.
publishDate	2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2025 2026 2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11212
url	https://hdl.handle.net/10259/11212
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv	Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2025, V. 122, n. 43, p. e2519626122 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2519626122
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv	Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	National Academy of Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	National Academy of Sciences
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv	reponame:Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos (RIUBU) instname:Universidad de Burgos (UBU)
instname_str	Universidad de Burgos (UBU)
reponame_str	Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos (RIUBU)
collection	Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Burgos (RIUBU)
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score	15,812455

Physical activity is directly associated with total energy expenditure without evidence of constraint or compensation

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