Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future

The growing momentum for ecological restoration presents a critical opportunity to tackle environmental crises, especially in the context of climate change adaptation. With the newly adopted European Nature Restoration Regulation (NRR) requiring Member States to develop national restoration plans, S...

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Autores: Erdozain, Maitane, Àvila, Aitor, Madrid, Victoria, Alberdi, Iciar, Cañellas, Isabel, Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M., Palacios-Rodríguez, Guillermo, Palau, Jordi, Ros, Laura, de-Miguel, Sergio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:digitalcsic_::8b0ba569b0632bb3267ae0fa2eb3f244
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/426482
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105018121335
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Barriers
Climate change adaptation
Delphi method
Expert knowledge
Forest restoration
Nature restoration law
Questionnaire
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oai_identifier_str oai:dnet:digitalcsic_::8b0ba569b0632bb3267ae0fa2eb3f244
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
title Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
spellingShingle Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
Erdozain, Maitane
Barriers
Climate change adaptation
Delphi method
Expert knowledge
Forest restoration
Nature restoration law
Questionnaire
title_short Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
title_full Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
title_fullStr Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
title_full_unstemmed Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
title_sort Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient future
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Erdozain, Maitane
Àvila, Aitor
Madrid, Victoria
Alberdi, Iciar
Cañellas, Isabel
Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M.
Palacios-Rodríguez, Guillermo
Palau, Jordi
Ros, Laura
de-Miguel, Sergio
author Erdozain, Maitane
author_facet Erdozain, Maitane
Àvila, Aitor
Madrid, Victoria
Alberdi, Iciar
Cañellas, Isabel
Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M.
Palacios-Rodríguez, Guillermo
Palau, Jordi
Ros, Laura
de-Miguel, Sergio
author_role author
author2 Àvila, Aitor
Madrid, Victoria
Alberdi, Iciar
Cañellas, Isabel
Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M.
Palacios-Rodríguez, Guillermo
Palau, Jordi
Ros, Laura
de-Miguel, Sergio
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico (España)
European Commission
Generalitat de Catalunya
Erdozain, Maitane [0000-0002-4078-0131]
Alberdi, Iciar [0000-0003-1338-8465]
Cañellas, Isabel [0000-0002-9716-7776]
Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M. [0000-0003-3470-8640]
Palacios-Rodríguez, Guillermo [0000-0001-8786-0211]
de-Miguel, Sergio [0000-0002-9738-0657]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Barriers
Climate change adaptation
Delphi method
Expert knowledge
Forest restoration
Nature restoration law
Questionnaire
topic Barriers
Climate change adaptation
Delphi method
Expert knowledge
Forest restoration
Nature restoration law
Questionnaire
description The growing momentum for ecological restoration presents a critical opportunity to tackle environmental crises, especially in the context of climate change adaptation. With the newly adopted European Nature Restoration Regulation (NRR) requiring Member States to develop national restoration plans, Spain stands as a paradigmatic case due to its long history of restoration efforts and its location in the Mediterranean, a recognized climate change hotspot. Understanding the barriers and opportunities involved is essential to ensure effective implementation. Drawing on the knowledge of over 60 national experts and applying the Delphi method, we (1) ranked 45 key political, social, economic, technical and environmental challenges limiting climate-adaptive forest restoration in Spain; (2) analyzed how demographic and professional factors influenced perceptions of these challenges; and (3) co-developed strategic recommendations to overcome them. Experts identified economic and political barriers such as short-term budgets, undervaluation of ecosystem services, perverse incentives, political short-termism, bureaucracy and policy fragmentation as the most limiting, ranking approximately 1.5 points higher than the most significant technical or environmental challenges. Perceptions significantly varied by gender, age and geographic location. Key solutions include the creation of independent restoration agencies with stable funding, legal and policy reforms, financial incentives for landowners (valuation of ecosystem services) and stronger private sector involvement. Our findings highlight the need for an integrated, cross-sectoral approach that aligns governance, financing and stakeholder participation. These insights offer a valuable foundation for informing Spain’s National Restoration Plan and contribute to broader European efforts to ensure the long-term success of restoration initiatives.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/426482
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105018121335
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/426482
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105018121335
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104238
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104238
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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spelling Key challenges in forest restoration and adaptation in Spain: Expert-based solutions for a resilient futureErdozain, MaitaneÀvila, AitorMadrid, VictoriaAlberdi, IciarCañellas, IsabelNavarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M.Palacios-Rodríguez, GuillermoPalau, JordiRos, Laurade-Miguel, SergioBarriersClimate change adaptationDelphi methodExpert knowledgeForest restorationNature restoration lawQuestionnaireThe growing momentum for ecological restoration presents a critical opportunity to tackle environmental crises, especially in the context of climate change adaptation. With the newly adopted European Nature Restoration Regulation (NRR) requiring Member States to develop national restoration plans, Spain stands as a paradigmatic case due to its long history of restoration efforts and its location in the Mediterranean, a recognized climate change hotspot. Understanding the barriers and opportunities involved is essential to ensure effective implementation. Drawing on the knowledge of over 60 national experts and applying the Delphi method, we (1) ranked 45 key political, social, economic, technical and environmental challenges limiting climate-adaptive forest restoration in Spain; (2) analyzed how demographic and professional factors influenced perceptions of these challenges; and (3) co-developed strategic recommendations to overcome them. Experts identified economic and political barriers such as short-term budgets, undervaluation of ecosystem services, perverse incentives, political short-termism, bureaucracy and policy fragmentation as the most limiting, ranking approximately 1.5 points higher than the most significant technical or environmental challenges. Perceptions significantly varied by gender, age and geographic location. Key solutions include the creation of independent restoration agencies with stable funding, legal and policy reforms, financial incentives for landowners (valuation of ecosystem services) and stronger private sector involvement. Our findings highlight the need for an integrated, cross-sectoral approach that aligns governance, financing and stakeholder participation. These insights offer a valuable foundation for informing Spain’s National Restoration Plan and contribute to broader European efforts to ensure the long-term success of restoration initiatives.This study was conducted as part of the REFORADAPT project, supported by the Biodiversity Foundation, of the Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, through the grant program for projects that contribute to the implementation of the Spanish National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (2021–2030). AA is funded through an Investigo Programme contract under the European Union’s Next Generation EU initiative. RNC and GPR are funded through DesFutur project, which has the support of the Biodiversity Foundation of the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge (MITECO) of the Government of Spain, within the framework of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (PRTR), funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU We extend our sincere gratitude to all the experts who generously contributed their knowledge and experience during the workshops. Special thanks to ICIFOR-INIA (CSIC), Forestal Catalana SA, Boumort National Game Reserve (Generalitat de Catalunya) and the University of Córdoba for their invaluable support in organizing the in-person workshops.Peer reviewedElsevierMinisterio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico (España)European CommissionGeneralitat de CatalunyaErdozain, Maitane [0000-0002-4078-0131]Alberdi, Iciar [0000-0003-1338-8465]Cañellas, Isabel [0000-0002-9716-7776]Navarro-Cerrillo, Rafael M. [0000-0003-3470-8640]Palacios-Rodríguez, Guillermo [0000-0001-8786-0211]de-Miguel, Sergio [0000-0002-9738-0657]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202620262025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/426482https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105018121335reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)InglésThe underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104238https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104238Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:digitalcsic_::8b0ba569b0632bb3267ae0fa2eb3f2442026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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