Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools

This study describes the relationship between physical activity and intake of trihalomethanes (THMs), namely chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2) and bromoform (CHBr3), in individuals exposed in two indoor swimming pools which used different disinfection...

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Autores: Marco, Esther, Lourencetti, Carolina, Grimalt, Joan O., Garí, Mercè, Fernández Ramón, M. Pilar, Font-Ribera, Laia, Villanueva, Cristina M., Kogevinas, Manolis
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión aceptada para publicación
Fecha de publicación:2015
País:España
Recursos:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:digitalcsic_::2d8377de379b502df42fe4019e82c56e
Acesso em linha:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/135145
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Bromoform
Chloroform
Dibromochloromethane
Dichlorobromomethane
Distance swum
Exhaled breath
Swimming pool
Physical exercise
Trihalomethanes
Water disinfection
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spelling Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming poolsMarco, EstherLourencetti, CarolinaGrimalt, Joan O.Garí, MercèFernández Ramón, M. PilarFont-Ribera, LaiaVillanueva, Cristina M.Kogevinas, ManolisBromoformChloroformDibromochloromethaneDichlorobromomethaneDistance swumExhaled breathSwimming poolPhysical exerciseTrihalomethanesWater disinfectionThis study describes the relationship between physical activity and intake of trihalomethanes (THMs), namely chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2) and bromoform (CHBr3), in individuals exposed in two indoor swimming pools which used different disinfection agents, chlorine (Cl-SP) and bromine (Br-SP). CHCl3 and CHBr3 were the dominant compounds in air and water of the Cl-SP and Br-SP, respectively. Physical exercise was assessed from distance swum and energy expenditure. The changes in exhaled breath concentrations of these compounds were measured from the differences after and before physical activity.A clear dependence between distance swum or energy expenditure and exhaled breath THM concentrations was observed. The statistically significant relationships involved higher THM concentrations at higher distances swum. However, air concentration was the major factor determining the CHCl3 and CHCl2Br intake in swimmers whereas distance swum was the main factor for CHBr3 intake. These two causes of THM incorporation into swimmers concurrently intensify the concentrations of these compounds into exhaled breath and pointed to inhalation as primary mechanism for THM uptake. Furthermore, the rates of THM incorporation were proportionally higher as higher was the degree of bromination of the THM species. This trend suggested that air-water partition mechanisms in the pulmonary system determined higher retention of the THM compounds with lower Henry's Law volatility constants than those of higher constant values. Inhalation is therefore the primary mechanisms for THM exposure of swimmers in indoor buildings. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.Financial supportfromPISCINA(SAF2005-07643-CO3-02), Expo-Cov (CTM2012-39298)andConsolider-Ingenio(CSD2007-00067)ProjectsfromtheSpanishMinistriesofResearchandDe- velopmentandEconomyandCompetitivenessand(LIFE12ENV/GR/001040)andHEALS(FP7-ENV-2013-603946)fromtheEuropean Unionisacknowledged.WealsothanktheINMACooperativeResearchNetwork.CLthankstheCSIC-BancodeSantander agreementforaPhDfellowship.Peer reviewedAcademic PressEuropean CommissionConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]201620162015info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Postprintinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/135145reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/603946http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.005Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:digitalcsic_::2d8377de379b502df42fe4019e82c56e2026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
title Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
spellingShingle Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
Marco, Esther
Bromoform
Chloroform
Dibromochloromethane
Dichlorobromomethane
Distance swum
Exhaled breath
Swimming pool
Physical exercise
Trihalomethanes
Water disinfection
title_short Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
title_full Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
title_fullStr Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
title_full_unstemmed Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
title_sort Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Marco, Esther
Lourencetti, Carolina
Grimalt, Joan O.
Garí, Mercè
Fernández Ramón, M. Pilar
Font-Ribera, Laia
Villanueva, Cristina M.
Kogevinas, Manolis
author Marco, Esther
author_facet Marco, Esther
Lourencetti, Carolina
Grimalt, Joan O.
Garí, Mercè
Fernández Ramón, M. Pilar
Font-Ribera, Laia
Villanueva, Cristina M.
Kogevinas, Manolis
author_role author
author2 Lourencetti, Carolina
Grimalt, Joan O.
Garí, Mercè
Fernández Ramón, M. Pilar
Font-Ribera, Laia
Villanueva, Cristina M.
Kogevinas, Manolis
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Commission
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Bromoform
Chloroform
Dibromochloromethane
Dichlorobromomethane
Distance swum
Exhaled breath
Swimming pool
Physical exercise
Trihalomethanes
Water disinfection
topic Bromoform
Chloroform
Dibromochloromethane
Dichlorobromomethane
Distance swum
Exhaled breath
Swimming pool
Physical exercise
Trihalomethanes
Water disinfection
description This study describes the relationship between physical activity and intake of trihalomethanes (THMs), namely chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br), dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2) and bromoform (CHBr3), in individuals exposed in two indoor swimming pools which used different disinfection agents, chlorine (Cl-SP) and bromine (Br-SP). CHCl3 and CHBr3 were the dominant compounds in air and water of the Cl-SP and Br-SP, respectively. Physical exercise was assessed from distance swum and energy expenditure. The changes in exhaled breath concentrations of these compounds were measured from the differences after and before physical activity.A clear dependence between distance swum or energy expenditure and exhaled breath THM concentrations was observed. The statistically significant relationships involved higher THM concentrations at higher distances swum. However, air concentration was the major factor determining the CHCl3 and CHCl2Br intake in swimmers whereas distance swum was the main factor for CHBr3 intake. These two causes of THM incorporation into swimmers concurrently intensify the concentrations of these compounds into exhaled breath and pointed to inhalation as primary mechanism for THM uptake. Furthermore, the rates of THM incorporation were proportionally higher as higher was the degree of bromination of the THM species. This trend suggested that air-water partition mechanisms in the pulmonary system determined higher retention of the THM compounds with lower Henry's Law volatility constants than those of higher constant values. Inhalation is therefore the primary mechanisms for THM exposure of swimmers in indoor buildings. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.
publishDate 2015
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2015
2016
2016
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Postprint
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format article
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/135145
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/135145
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/603946
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.005
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Academic Press
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Academic Press
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15.811543

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