Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, with similar properties<br/>to fossil diesel fuel. It is obtained from the transesterification of the triglycerides with a short<br/>chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, giving biodiesel and glycerol in tw...
| Autor: | |
|---|---|
| Tipo de recurso: | tesis doctoral |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2006 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | CBUC, CESCA |
| Repositorio: | TDR. Tesis Doctorales en Red |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:www.tdx.cat:10803/8545 |
| Acceso en línea: | http://www.tdx.cat/TDX-0913107-100410 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8545 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | biodegradació gasoil Cynara cardunculus biodiesel 504 66 |
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Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| title |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| spellingShingle |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. Pasqualino, Jorgelina Cecilia biodegradació gasoil Cynara cardunculus biodiesel 504 66 |
| title_short |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| title_full |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| title_fullStr |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| title_sort |
Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production. |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Pasqualino, Jorgelina Cecilia |
| author |
Pasqualino, Jorgelina Cecilia |
| author_facet |
Pasqualino, Jorgelina Cecilia |
| author_role |
author |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Salvadó i Rovira, Joan Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament d'Enginyeria Química |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
biodegradació gasoil Cynara cardunculus biodiesel 504 66 |
| topic |
biodegradació gasoil Cynara cardunculus biodiesel 504 66 |
| description |
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, with similar properties<br/>to fossil diesel fuel. It is obtained from the transesterification of the triglycerides with a short<br/>chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, giving biodiesel and glycerol in two separated phases.<br/>Traditional raw materials for biodiesel production are the oils of rapeseed, sunflower, soybean<br/>and palm. However, some alternative raw materials such as animal fats, recycled oils and non<br/>conventional crops, are also used.<br/>This thesis is focused on the use of Cynara cardunculus oil for the production of biodiesel. Cynara<br/>cardunculus is a wild cardoon from the family of artichoke that is well adapted to the<br/>Mediterranean weather. The maximum production reaches 2 tons/ha per year of seeds that<br/>contain up to 25 % oil, with a similar composition to sunflower oil. Thus, Cynara cardunculus<br/>cultivation may represent an alternative for abandoned cropland and a good candidate as<br/>renewable energy source and biodiesel production.<br/>In the first part of the work, the reaction conditions where optimised for the transesterification<br/>of unrefined Cynara cardunculus oil. The product obtained was characterised. The acid value of the<br/>original oil (11.8 mgKOH/g) was higher than the values recommended for alkaline<br/>transesterification (1-2 mgKOH/g) resulting in the formation of soaps and gels. For some of the<br/>reaction conditions, the ester and glycerol phases were not clearly separated, reflecting the need<br/>of a preesterification step in order to reduce the acid value of the oil. The preesterification step<br/>was optimised using different reaction temperatures, catalyst and methanol concentrations and<br/>reaction times. The best results were obtained for the reactions conducted at 60ºC, using a 6:1<br/>methanol to oil molar ratio and 0.5% sulphuric acid as catalyst. Finally, the oil was pre-treated<br/>using the best conditions for the preesterification, with an additional degumming step. The<br/>transesterification of the pre-treated oil was optimised and the results were compared to the<br/>previous ones. The ester yield increased with the pre-treatment and the ester and glycerol phases<br/>were clearly separated in most of the cases, showing the advantages of the degumming and<br/>preesterification steps.<br/>The second part of the work was the characterisation of the mixtures of biodiesel and diesel fuel.<br/>European specific normatives for both biodiesel (EN 14214) and fossil diesel fuel (EN 590) were<br/>detailed, together with their requirements and test methods. Mixtures of both fuels at different<br/>proportions, were analysed according to EN 590. Correlations for the mixtures were determined<br/>with experiments or mass balances, according to each case. There are some properties than can<br/>limit the amount of biodiesel allowed in the mixture in order to satisfy the specifications for<br/>diesel fuel, such as density, viscosity, distillation, oxidative stability and cold weather properties. It<br/>was detected the need of specific analytical methods and requirements for some of the properties.<br/>The third part of the work was the analysis of the biodegradability of mixtures of biodiesel and<br/>fossil derived fuels, such as heavy fuel oil, diesel fuel and gasoline. The CO2 evolution test was<br/>used to analyse the biodegradation behaviour of the mixtures. In all the cases cometabolic<br/>biodegradation was observed demonstrating that biodiesel enhances the degradation of the three<br/>fossil derived fuels analysed. The physical properties of the mixtures were also analysed.<br/>UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI<br/>CYNARA CARDUNCULUS AS AN ALTERNATIVE CROP FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION.<br/>Jorgelina Cecilia Pasqualino |
| publishDate |
2006 |
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2006 2007 2007 2011 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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doctoralThesis |
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publishedVersion |
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http://www.tdx.cat/TDX-0913107-100410 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8545 |
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http://www.tdx.cat/TDX-0913107-100410 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8545 |
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Inglés |
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Inglés |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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openAccess |
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application/pdf application/pdf |
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Universitat Rovira i Virgili |
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Universitat Rovira i Virgili |
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TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa) reponame:TDR. Tesis Doctorales en Red instname:CBUC, CESCA |
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CBUC, CESCA |
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TDR. Tesis Doctorales en Red |
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TDR. Tesis Doctorales en Red |
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Cynara cardunculus as an alternative crop for biodiesel production.Pasqualino, Jorgelina CeciliabiodegradaciógasoilCynara cardunculusbiodiesel50466Biodiesel is a renewable fuel obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats, with similar properties<br/>to fossil diesel fuel. It is obtained from the transesterification of the triglycerides with a short<br/>chain alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, giving biodiesel and glycerol in two separated phases.<br/>Traditional raw materials for biodiesel production are the oils of rapeseed, sunflower, soybean<br/>and palm. However, some alternative raw materials such as animal fats, recycled oils and non<br/>conventional crops, are also used.<br/>This thesis is focused on the use of Cynara cardunculus oil for the production of biodiesel. Cynara<br/>cardunculus is a wild cardoon from the family of artichoke that is well adapted to the<br/>Mediterranean weather. The maximum production reaches 2 tons/ha per year of seeds that<br/>contain up to 25 % oil, with a similar composition to sunflower oil. Thus, Cynara cardunculus<br/>cultivation may represent an alternative for abandoned cropland and a good candidate as<br/>renewable energy source and biodiesel production.<br/>In the first part of the work, the reaction conditions where optimised for the transesterification<br/>of unrefined Cynara cardunculus oil. The product obtained was characterised. The acid value of the<br/>original oil (11.8 mgKOH/g) was higher than the values recommended for alkaline<br/>transesterification (1-2 mgKOH/g) resulting in the formation of soaps and gels. For some of the<br/>reaction conditions, the ester and glycerol phases were not clearly separated, reflecting the need<br/>of a preesterification step in order to reduce the acid value of the oil. The preesterification step<br/>was optimised using different reaction temperatures, catalyst and methanol concentrations and<br/>reaction times. The best results were obtained for the reactions conducted at 60ºC, using a 6:1<br/>methanol to oil molar ratio and 0.5% sulphuric acid as catalyst. Finally, the oil was pre-treated<br/>using the best conditions for the preesterification, with an additional degumming step. The<br/>transesterification of the pre-treated oil was optimised and the results were compared to the<br/>previous ones. The ester yield increased with the pre-treatment and the ester and glycerol phases<br/>were clearly separated in most of the cases, showing the advantages of the degumming and<br/>preesterification steps.<br/>The second part of the work was the characterisation of the mixtures of biodiesel and diesel fuel.<br/>European specific normatives for both biodiesel (EN 14214) and fossil diesel fuel (EN 590) were<br/>detailed, together with their requirements and test methods. Mixtures of both fuels at different<br/>proportions, were analysed according to EN 590. Correlations for the mixtures were determined<br/>with experiments or mass balances, according to each case. There are some properties than can<br/>limit the amount of biodiesel allowed in the mixture in order to satisfy the specifications for<br/>diesel fuel, such as density, viscosity, distillation, oxidative stability and cold weather properties. It<br/>was detected the need of specific analytical methods and requirements for some of the properties.<br/>The third part of the work was the analysis of the biodegradability of mixtures of biodiesel and<br/>fossil derived fuels, such as heavy fuel oil, diesel fuel and gasoline. The CO2 evolution test was<br/>used to analyse the biodegradation behaviour of the mixtures. In all the cases cometabolic<br/>biodegradation was observed demonstrating that biodiesel enhances the degradation of the three<br/>fossil derived fuels analysed. The physical properties of the mixtures were also analysed.<br/>UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI<br/>CYNARA CARDUNCULUS AS AN ALTERNATIVE CROP FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION.<br/>Jorgelina Cecilia PasqualinoEl biodiesel es un combustible de origen renovable que se obtiene a partir de aceites vegetales y<br/>grasas animales y posee propiedades similares a las del gasoil. Se produce mediante la<br/>transesterificación de los triglicéridos con un alcohol de cadena corta, en presencia de un<br/>catalizador, obteniendo biodiesel y glicerol en dos fases separadas. Los aceites más utilizados en la<br/>producción de biodiesel son los de soja, colza, girasol y palma, aunque existen alternativas como<br/>los aceites de fritura reciclados, las grasas animales y algunos cultivos no convencionales.<br/>En este trabajo se utilizó el aceite de Cynara cardunculus para producir biodiesel. Cynara<br/>cardunculus es un cardo silvestre de la familia de la alcachofa, que se encuentra adaptado al clima<br/>Mediterráneo. Su producción máxima alcanza las 2 toneladas de semilla por hectárea al año, que<br/>contienen hasta un 25 % de aceite, con una composición similar al aceite de girasol. De este<br/>modo, el Cynara cardunculus puede representar un cultivo alternativo para la producción de<br/>biodiesel, pudiéndose cultivar en tierras abandonadas.<br/>En la primera parte del trabajo se optimizaron las condiciones para la transesterificación de aceite<br/>de Cynara cardunculus sin refinar y se caracterizó el producto obtenido. El índice de acidez del<br/>aceite original (11.8 mgKOH/g) fue mayor al recomendado para la transesterificación alcalina (1-<br/>2 mgKOH/g), resultando en la formación de gel y jabón. En algunos casos no se produjo una<br/>separación clara de las fases, reflejando la necesidad de una etapa de preesterificación para reducir<br/>el índice de acidez. La preesterificación fue optimizada utilizando diferentes temperaturas,<br/>concentraciones de metanol y catalizador, y tiempos finales de reacción. Las mejores condiciones<br/>de operación se obtuvieron para la reacción realizada a 60ºC, utilizando metanol en una relación<br/>molar de 6:1 con respecto al aceite, y un 0.5% de H2SO4 como catalizador. Finalmente, el aceite<br/>fue pre-tratado bajo las condiciones óptimas de preesterificación, con una etapa adicional de<br/>degomado. La reacción de transesterificación del aceite pre-tratado fue optimizada y los<br/>resultados comparados con los de la reacción del aceite crudo. El contenido en metilésteres fue<br/>superior al utilizar aceite pre-tratado, y las fases de metilésteres y glicerol se separaron con<br/>facilidad en la mayoría de los casos, demostrando la utilidad de las etapas de pretratamiento.<br/>La segunda parte fue la caracterización de las mezclas de biodiesel con gasoil. Las normativas<br/>europeas para el biodiesel (EN 14214) y para el gasoil (EN 590) fueron detalladas junto con sus<br/>requisitos y métodos de ensayo. Las mezclas de ambos combustibles en diferentes proporciones<br/>se analizaron de acuerdo a la norma EN 590. Las correlaciones para el comportamiento de las<br/>mezclas se determinaron mediante experimentación y balances de materia, según el caso. Se<br/>determinó que algunas propiedades como la densidad, la viscosidad, la destilación, la estabilidad a<br/>la oxidación y las propiedades en frío pueden limitar la cantidad de biodiesel permitida en la<br/>mezcla para que esta cumpla con la normativa vigente para el gasoil. Se detectó la necesidad de<br/>métodos específicos de análisis y requisitos para algunas de las propiedades.<br/>La tercera parte de este trabajo consistió en el análisis de la biodegradabilidad de las mezclas de<br/>biodiesel con combustibles de origen fósil, como fuel pesado, gasoil y gasolina. La<br/>biodegradación se determinó mediante el método de evolución de CO2. En todos los casos se<br/>observó la presencia de cometabolismo, demostrando que el biodiesel incrementa la<br/>biodegradabilidad de los tres combustibles fósiles examinados. Se analizaron además las<br/>propiedades físicas de las mezclas.<br/>UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI<br/>CYNARA CARDUNCULUS AS AN ALTERNATIVE CROP FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION.<br/>Jorgelina Cecilia PasqualinoUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliSalvadó i Rovira, JoanUniversitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament d'Enginyeria Química2011200720062007info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://www.tdx.cat/TDX-0913107-100410http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8545TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)reponame:TDR. Tesis Doctorales en Redinstname:CBUC, CESCAInglésADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:www.tdx.cat:10803/85452026-06-14T12:46:07Z |
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15,300724 |