Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks

In developing countries, Non-Interconnected Zones often depend on costly, environmentally unsustainable, diesel-based power systems. These systems typically experience unbalanced load conditions, limited voltage regulation, and difficulty accommodating renewable energy sources. In this context, Dist...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Bolaños, Rubén Iván, Torres-Mancilla, Cristopher Enrique, Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando, Montoya, Oscar Danilo, Hernández, Jesús C.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión aceptada para publicación
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Jaén
Repositorio:RUJA. Repositorio Institucional de la Producción Científica de la Universidad de Jaén
OAI Identifier:oai:ruja.ujaen.es:10953/6593
Acceso en línea:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031536?via%3Dihub
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107098
https://hdl.handle.net/10953/6593
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Distributed energy resources
CO2 emission reduction
Battery energy storage systems
Distributed generation
Distribution static compensators
621.35
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spelling Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid NetworksBolaños, Rubén IvánTorres-Mancilla, Cristopher EnriqueGrisales-Noreña, Luis FernandoMontoya, Oscar DaniloHernández, Jesús C.Distributed energy resourcesCO2 emission reductionBattery energy storage systemsDistributed generationDistribution static compensators621.35In developing countries, Non-Interconnected Zones often depend on costly, environmentally unsustainable, diesel-based power systems. These systems typically experience unbalanced load conditions, limited voltage regulation, and difficulty accommodating renewable energy sources. In this context, Distributed Energy Resources—including Distributed Generation (DG), Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs)—represent a viable alternative, provided they are integrated and operated optimally under realistic technical and environmental constraints. This paper presents a methodology for the optimal integration and coordinated operation of DG, BESS, and D-STATCOMs in unbalanced three-phase distribution systems within NIZs. The approach is formulated as a bi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem to minimize annual energy losses and CO2 emissions. To validate the proposed methodology, two benchmark distribution systems—one with 25 nodes and one with 37 nodes—were adapted to represent the operating conditions of Leticia and San Andrés Island (both in Colombia), using actual demand and solar irradiance data. Five metaheuristic algorithms—Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Vortex Search Algorithm (VSA), Chu & Beasley Genetic Algorithm (CBGA), Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO), and Black Widow Optimization Algorithm (BWOA)—were implemented and compared after 100 independent runs per case study. BWOA demonstrated the best performance in both scenarios: in Leticia, it reduced energy losses by 77.0164% and CO2 emissions by 61.1426%; in San Andrés, it reduced energy losses by 65.4489% and emissions by 59.9654%. All solutions met voltage and thermal constraints, confirming the technical feasibility and environmental benefits of the proposed strategy for DER integration in isolated and constrained distribution networks.Elsevier202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031536?via%3Dihubhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107098https://hdl.handle.net/10953/6593reponame:RUJA. Repositorio Institucional de la Producción Científica de la Universidad de Jaéninstname:Universidad de JaénInglésResults in EngineeringAttribution 3.0 Spainhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ruja.ujaen.es:10953/65932026-06-24T12:41:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
title Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
spellingShingle Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
Bolaños, Rubén Iván
Distributed energy resources
CO2 emission reduction
Battery energy storage systems
Distributed generation
Distribution static compensators
621.35
title_short Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
title_full Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
title_fullStr Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
title_full_unstemmed Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
title_sort Hierarchical Optimization of DGs, BESSs, and D-STATCOMs for Reducing Energy Losses and CO2 Emissions in Unbalanced Off-Grid Networks
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Bolaños, Rubén Iván
Torres-Mancilla, Cristopher Enrique
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Hernández, Jesús C.
author Bolaños, Rubén Iván
author_facet Bolaños, Rubén Iván
Torres-Mancilla, Cristopher Enrique
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Hernández, Jesús C.
author_role author
author2 Torres-Mancilla, Cristopher Enrique
Grisales-Noreña, Luis Fernando
Montoya, Oscar Danilo
Hernández, Jesús C.
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Distributed energy resources
CO2 emission reduction
Battery energy storage systems
Distributed generation
Distribution static compensators
621.35
topic Distributed energy resources
CO2 emission reduction
Battery energy storage systems
Distributed generation
Distribution static compensators
621.35
description In developing countries, Non-Interconnected Zones often depend on costly, environmentally unsustainable, diesel-based power systems. These systems typically experience unbalanced load conditions, limited voltage regulation, and difficulty accommodating renewable energy sources. In this context, Distributed Energy Resources—including Distributed Generation (DG), Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), and Distribution Static Synchronous Compensators (D-STATCOMs)—represent a viable alternative, provided they are integrated and operated optimally under realistic technical and environmental constraints. This paper presents a methodology for the optimal integration and coordinated operation of DG, BESS, and D-STATCOMs in unbalanced three-phase distribution systems within NIZs. The approach is formulated as a bi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem to minimize annual energy losses and CO2 emissions. To validate the proposed methodology, two benchmark distribution systems—one with 25 nodes and one with 37 nodes—were adapted to represent the operating conditions of Leticia and San Andrés Island (both in Colombia), using actual demand and solar irradiance data. Five metaheuristic algorithms—Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Vortex Search Algorithm (VSA), Chu & Beasley Genetic Algorithm (CBGA), Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO), and Black Widow Optimization Algorithm (BWOA)—were implemented and compared after 100 independent runs per case study. BWOA demonstrated the best performance in both scenarios: in Leticia, it reduced energy losses by 77.0164% and CO2 emissions by 61.1426%; in San Andrés, it reduced energy losses by 65.4489% and emissions by 59.9654%. All solutions met voltage and thermal constraints, confirming the technical feasibility and environmental benefits of the proposed strategy for DER integration in isolated and constrained distribution networks.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format article
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031536?via%3Dihub
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107098
https://hdl.handle.net/10953/6593
url https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025031536?via%3Dihub
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107098
https://hdl.handle.net/10953/6593
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Results in Engineering
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv Attribution 3.0 Spain
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Attribution 3.0 Spain
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RUJA. Repositorio Institucional de la Producción Científica de la Universidad de Jaén
instname:Universidad de Jaén
instname_str Universidad de Jaén
reponame_str RUJA. Repositorio Institucional de la Producción Científica de la Universidad de Jaén
collection RUJA. Repositorio Institucional de la Producción Científica de la Universidad de Jaén
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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