Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media

This work describes the use of a portable 450 nm wavelength laser system to fabricate an electronic tongue (e-tongue) comprising an array of potentiometric laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensors on polyimide. The sensing units were modified with ion-selective polymer membranes for the detection of Ca...

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Autores: Hensel, Rafael C.|||0000-0001-7060-6604, Cetó, Xavier|||0000-0003-1589-6076, Oliveira, Osvaldo N.|||0000-0002-5399-5860, Valle, Manel del|||0000-0002-1032-8611
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Repositorio:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:ddd.uab.cat:324994
Acceso en línea:https://ddd.uab.cat/record/324994
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c04417
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Laser-induced graphene
Electronic tongue
Potentiometry
Sensor array
Artificial neural networks
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spelling Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous MediaHensel, Rafael C.|||0000-0001-7060-6604Cetó, Xavier|||0000-0003-1589-6076Oliveira, Osvaldo N.|||0000-0002-5399-5860Valle, Manel del|||0000-0002-1032-8611Laser-induced grapheneElectronic tonguePotentiometrySensor arrayArtificial neural networksThis work describes the use of a portable 450 nm wavelength laser system to fabricate an electronic tongue (e-tongue) comprising an array of potentiometric laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensors on polyimide. The sensing units were modified with ion-selective polymer membranes for the detection of Ca , Na, and K. The sensors exhibited pseudo-Nernstian behavior, with sensitivities of 32.7 ± 0.8, 63 ± 3, and 52 ± 2 mV/dec for Ca , Na, and K, respectively, and limits of detection of 4.5 μM for Ca , 606 μM for Na, and 66 μM for K. The qualitative response of the e-tongue was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed a clear distinction between monovalent and divalent ions based on the first two principal components. Discrimination among the three ions at concentrations of 20 μM, 220 μM, and 4.0 mM was achieved using the K-means clustering algorithm, with a silhouette coefficient of 0.946, close to the ideal value. Quantitative analysis using artificial neural networks (ANNs) was applied to ternary mixtures of the three ions, enabling simultaneous and accurate prediction of individual ion concentrations down to 10 μM. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capability of the e-tongue to provide reliable measurements even at trace ion concentrations in mineral water samples, confirming its suitability for precise and sensitive ion monitoring in complex, real-world applications. 22026-01-0120262026-01-01Articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://ddd.uab.cat/record/324994https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c04417reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UABinstname:Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaInglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 PID2022-136709OB-C21Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004837 RED2022-134120-Topen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, la comunicació pública de l'obra i la creació d'obres derivades, fins i tot amb finalitats comercials, sempre i quan es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ddd.uab.cat:3249942026-06-06T12:50:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
title Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
spellingShingle Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
Hensel, Rafael C.|||0000-0001-7060-6604
Laser-induced graphene
Electronic tongue
Potentiometry
Sensor array
Artificial neural networks
title_short Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
title_full Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
title_fullStr Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
title_full_unstemmed Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
title_sort Electronic Tongue Based on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Monitoring Ions in Aqueous Media
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Hensel, Rafael C.|||0000-0001-7060-6604
Cetó, Xavier|||0000-0003-1589-6076
Oliveira, Osvaldo N.|||0000-0002-5399-5860
Valle, Manel del|||0000-0002-1032-8611
author Hensel, Rafael C.|||0000-0001-7060-6604
author_facet Hensel, Rafael C.|||0000-0001-7060-6604
Cetó, Xavier|||0000-0003-1589-6076
Oliveira, Osvaldo N.|||0000-0002-5399-5860
Valle, Manel del|||0000-0002-1032-8611
author_role author
author2 Cetó, Xavier|||0000-0003-1589-6076
Oliveira, Osvaldo N.|||0000-0002-5399-5860
Valle, Manel del|||0000-0002-1032-8611
author2_role author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Laser-induced graphene
Electronic tongue
Potentiometry
Sensor array
Artificial neural networks
topic Laser-induced graphene
Electronic tongue
Potentiometry
Sensor array
Artificial neural networks
description This work describes the use of a portable 450 nm wavelength laser system to fabricate an electronic tongue (e-tongue) comprising an array of potentiometric laser-induced graphene (LIG) sensors on polyimide. The sensing units were modified with ion-selective polymer membranes for the detection of Ca , Na, and K. The sensors exhibited pseudo-Nernstian behavior, with sensitivities of 32.7 ± 0.8, 63 ± 3, and 52 ± 2 mV/dec for Ca , Na, and K, respectively, and limits of detection of 4.5 μM for Ca , 606 μM for Na, and 66 μM for K. The qualitative response of the e-tongue was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed a clear distinction between monovalent and divalent ions based on the first two principal components. Discrimination among the three ions at concentrations of 20 μM, 220 μM, and 4.0 mM was achieved using the K-means clustering algorithm, with a silhouette coefficient of 0.946, close to the ideal value. Quantitative analysis using artificial neural networks (ANNs) was applied to ternary mixtures of the three ions, enabling simultaneous and accurate prediction of individual ion concentrations down to 10 μM. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capability of the e-tongue to provide reliable measurements even at trace ion concentrations in mineral water samples, confirming its suitability for precise and sensitive ion monitoring in complex, real-world applications.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2
2026-01-01
2026
2026-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://ddd.uab.cat/record/324994
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c04417
url https://ddd.uab.cat/record/324994
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1021/acsanm.5c04417
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 PID2022-136709OB-C21
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004837 RED2022-134120-T
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
instname:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
instname_str Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
collection Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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