Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications

Background: The hallux interphalangeal ossicle (HIO) is commonly considered as an incidental anatomical variant; however, its biomechanical role remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of HIO on hallux joint biomechanics. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational stud...

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Autores: Marcos, Ana Isabel, Benhamú Benhamú, Salomón, Córdoba Fernández, Antonio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
Repositorio:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:idus________::3792c99ab7256c4dafcb371020361712
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/11441/186449
https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050816
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Accessory bone
Foot
Hallux
Interphalangeal joint
Hallucal interphalangeal ossicle
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spelling Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implicationsMarcos, Ana IsabelBenhamú Benhamú, SalomónCórdoba Fernández, AntonioAccessory boneFootHalluxInterphalangeal jointHallucal interphalangeal ossicleBackground: The hallux interphalangeal ossicle (HIO) is commonly considered as an incidental anatomical variant; however, its biomechanical role remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of HIO on hallux joint biomechanics. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted, including 419 feet (218 individuals). The presence of HIO was assessed using ultrasound imaging. Range of motion (ROM) of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) and interphalangeal joint (IPJ) were evaluated under both open kinetic chain and dynamic conditions. Statistical comparisons between HIO and non-HIO groups were made, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the discriminative capacity of IPJ ROM. Results: HIO was present in 48% of cases and was bilateral in all participants. Individuals with HIO exhibited significantly greater IPJ extension under both open kinetic chain and dynamic conditions (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in MTPJ ROM between groups. A positive, albeit variable, relationship was found between ossicle size and IPJ extension. ROC analysis demonstrated moderate discriminative ability of IPJ ROM for detecting HIO (sensitivity 63.2%, specificity 54.6%). Conclusions: The presence of HIO is associated with increased IPJ extension, suggesting a measurable influence on hallux biomechanics. These findings support the notion that the HIO is a biomechanically relevant structure rather than purely incidental an asymptomatic anatomical variant. Increased IPJ extension may represent an early functional adaptation with potential clinical implications.MDPIEnfermeríaInstituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)CTS589: Avances en Cirugía Podológica2026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/186449https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050816reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevillainstname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)InglésLife, 16 (5), 816. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/16/5/816info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:idus________::3792c99ab7256c4dafcb3710203617122026-06-17T12:51:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
title Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
spellingShingle Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
Marcos, Ana Isabel
Accessory bone
Foot
Hallux
Interphalangeal joint
Hallucal interphalangeal ossicle
title_short Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
title_full Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
title_fullStr Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
title_full_unstemmed Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
title_sort Is the hallux interphalangeal ossicle clinically relevant? a cross-sectional study on its prevalence and biomechanical implications
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Marcos, Ana Isabel
Benhamú Benhamú, Salomón
Córdoba Fernández, Antonio
author Marcos, Ana Isabel
author_facet Marcos, Ana Isabel
Benhamú Benhamú, Salomón
Córdoba Fernández, Antonio
author_role author
author2 Benhamú Benhamú, Salomón
Córdoba Fernández, Antonio
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Enfermería
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)
CTS589: Avances en Cirugía Podológica
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Accessory bone
Foot
Hallux
Interphalangeal joint
Hallucal interphalangeal ossicle
topic Accessory bone
Foot
Hallux
Interphalangeal joint
Hallucal interphalangeal ossicle
description Background: The hallux interphalangeal ossicle (HIO) is commonly considered as an incidental anatomical variant; however, its biomechanical role remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the influence of HIO on hallux joint biomechanics. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted, including 419 feet (218 individuals). The presence of HIO was assessed using ultrasound imaging. Range of motion (ROM) of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) and interphalangeal joint (IPJ) were evaluated under both open kinetic chain and dynamic conditions. Statistical comparisons between HIO and non-HIO groups were made, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the discriminative capacity of IPJ ROM. Results: HIO was present in 48% of cases and was bilateral in all participants. Individuals with HIO exhibited significantly greater IPJ extension under both open kinetic chain and dynamic conditions (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in MTPJ ROM between groups. A positive, albeit variable, relationship was found between ossicle size and IPJ extension. ROC analysis demonstrated moderate discriminative ability of IPJ ROM for detecting HIO (sensitivity 63.2%, specificity 54.6%). Conclusions: The presence of HIO is associated with increased IPJ extension, suggesting a measurable influence on hallux biomechanics. These findings support the notion that the HIO is a biomechanically relevant structure rather than purely incidental an asymptomatic anatomical variant. Increased IPJ extension may represent an early functional adaptation with potential clinical implications.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11441/186449
https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050816
url https://hdl.handle.net/11441/186449
https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050816
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Life, 16 (5), 816.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/16/5/816
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
instname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
instname_str Universidad de Sevilla (US)
reponame_str idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
collection idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
repository.name.fl_str_mv
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