Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion

Photocatalysis is an emerging alternative to convert CO2 into relevant products, but it faces technological challenges related to charge recombination and low efficiency. Thermally coupled gas phase photocatalysis can address these issues by lowering reaction temperatures and improving process effic...

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Autores: Vaquero Vílchez, Saloa, Nimax, Patrick, Valtierra Martínez, Ekaitz, Ayesta Ereño, Igor, Agirrezabal Telleria, Iker
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad del País Vasco
Repositorio:Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
OAI Identifier:oai:addi.ehu.eus:10810/76138
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10810/76138
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:gas phase CO2 photoreduction
Carbon nitride
defect engineering
vacancies
photocatalysis
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spelling Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversionVaquero Vílchez, SaloaNimax, PatrickValtierra Martínez, EkaitzAyesta Ereño, IgorAgirrezabal Telleria, Ikergas phase CO2 photoreductionCarbon nitridedefect engineeringvacanciesphotocatalysisPhotocatalysis is an emerging alternative to convert CO2 into relevant products, but it faces technological challenges related to charge recombination and low efficiency. Thermally coupled gas phase photocatalysis can address these issues by lowering reaction temperatures and improving process efficiency. This work demonstrates that defect engineering, combined with Pt impregnation at various metal dispersion and sizes, can enhance photocatalytic properties in g-C3N4 materials. Structural changes in g-C3N4 and Pt oxidation state modification, significantly impact CO productivity from CO2. This study investigates how thermal treatments in H2 affect defect and thus vacancy formation in g-C3N4. Materials with 2 wt% Pt2+ species generate C–N3 vacancies, while Pt0 species with the same content lead to both C–N3 and N–C3 vacancies– within g-C3N4. These differences exhibit distinct reaction trends under dark conditions or upon light irradiation. To further understand these effects, detailed XPS analyses clarify the impact of reaction conditions on the material after pretreatment and catalysis. The findings show that g-C3N4 materials can reform their C–Nbonds after electron excitation through light exposure, enhancing and stabilizing the reaction's productivity. As a result, CO productivities up to 1.1 mmol·gcat−1·h−1 are achieved. This work is expected to contribute to understanding the effect of thermal treatment on carbon nitrides, particularly regarding defect engineering, and more broadly, the effects of temperature in photocatalysis.This research was supported by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU): SuPrEn Group, Basque Government (IT1554–22), and the European Commission CATART project (GA 101046836).ElsevierEuropean Commission202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10810/76138reponame:Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigacióninstname:Universidad del País VascoInglésinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2021/101046836https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982025000526info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licenseoai:addi.ehu.eus:10810/761382026-06-18T09:23:17Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
title Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
spellingShingle Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
Vaquero Vílchez, Saloa
gas phase CO2 photoreduction
Carbon nitride
defect engineering
vacancies
photocatalysis
title_short Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
title_full Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
title_fullStr Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
title_full_unstemmed Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
title_sort Photocatalytic and surface consequences of thermal treatments on Pt nanoparticles onto carbon nitrides during CO2-to-CO conversion
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Vaquero Vílchez, Saloa
Nimax, Patrick
Valtierra Martínez, Ekaitz
Ayesta Ereño, Igor
Agirrezabal Telleria, Iker
author Vaquero Vílchez, Saloa
author_facet Vaquero Vílchez, Saloa
Nimax, Patrick
Valtierra Martínez, Ekaitz
Ayesta Ereño, Igor
Agirrezabal Telleria, Iker
author_role author
author2 Nimax, Patrick
Valtierra Martínez, Ekaitz
Ayesta Ereño, Igor
Agirrezabal Telleria, Iker
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Commission
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv gas phase CO2 photoreduction
Carbon nitride
defect engineering
vacancies
photocatalysis
topic gas phase CO2 photoreduction
Carbon nitride
defect engineering
vacancies
photocatalysis
description Photocatalysis is an emerging alternative to convert CO2 into relevant products, but it faces technological challenges related to charge recombination and low efficiency. Thermally coupled gas phase photocatalysis can address these issues by lowering reaction temperatures and improving process efficiency. This work demonstrates that defect engineering, combined with Pt impregnation at various metal dispersion and sizes, can enhance photocatalytic properties in g-C3N4 materials. Structural changes in g-C3N4 and Pt oxidation state modification, significantly impact CO productivity from CO2. This study investigates how thermal treatments in H2 affect defect and thus vacancy formation in g-C3N4. Materials with 2 wt% Pt2+ species generate C–N3 vacancies, while Pt0 species with the same content lead to both C–N3 and N–C3 vacancies– within g-C3N4. These differences exhibit distinct reaction trends under dark conditions or upon light irradiation. To further understand these effects, detailed XPS analyses clarify the impact of reaction conditions on the material after pretreatment and catalysis. The findings show that g-C3N4 materials can reform their C–Nbonds after electron excitation through light exposure, enhancing and stabilizing the reaction's productivity. As a result, CO productivities up to 1.1 mmol·gcat−1·h−1 are achieved. This work is expected to contribute to understanding the effect of thermal treatment on carbon nitrides, particularly regarding defect engineering, and more broadly, the effects of temperature in photocatalysis.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10810/76138
url http://hdl.handle.net/10810/76138
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2021/101046836
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982025000526
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
© 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
© 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
instname:Universidad del País Vasco
instname_str Universidad del País Vasco
reponame_str Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
collection Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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