Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)

A genetic model is proposed for the formation and evolution of volcano-like structures from materials other than molten silicate rocks. The model is based on Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia), currently hosting a conspicuous hydrothermal system with hot, hyper-acidic springs, forming a colorful...

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Autores: Otálora, Fermín, Palero, Fernando, Papaslioti, Evgenia Maria, García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2022
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/357147
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/357147
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Dallol
Geothermal model
Houston formation
Mineral dehydration
Salt volcano
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spelling Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)Otálora, FermínPalero, FernandoPapaslioti, Evgenia MariaGarcía-Ruiz, Juan ManuelDallolGeothermal modelHouston formationMineral dehydrationSalt volcanoA genetic model is proposed for the formation and evolution of volcano-like structures from materials other than molten silicate rocks. The model is based on Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia), currently hosting a conspicuous hydrothermal system with hot, hyper-acidic springs, forming a colorful landscape of unique mineral patterns. We reason that Mount Dallol is the last stage of the formation of a salt volcano driven by the destabilization of a thick sequence of hydrated minerals (the Houston Formation) after the emplacement of an igneous intrusion beneath the thick Danakil evaporitic sequence. Our claim is supported by field studies, calculations of the mineral/water volume balance upon mineral dehydration, and by a geothermal model of the Danakil basin predicting a temperature up to 220 °C at the Houston Formation after the intrusion of a basaltic magma without direct contact with the evaporitic sequence. Although insufficient for salt melting, this heating triggers mineral dehydration and hydrolysis, leading to a total volume increase of at least 25%. The released brine is segregated upward into a pressurized chamber, where the excess volume produced the doming of Mount Dallol. Later, the collapse of the dome formed a caldera and the emission of clastic flows. The resulting structures and materials resemble volcanic lava flows in distribution, structure, and texture but are entirely made of salty materials. This novel mechanism of the generation of pressurized brines and their later eruption extends the relevance of volcanologic studies to lower temperature ranges and unanticipated geologic contexts on Earth and possibly also on other planets.The authors thank the European Research Council under the European Union’s seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 340863 and the Spanish “Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia” for the financial support of the projects CGL2016-78971-P and P18-FR5008.American Chemical SocietyEuropean Research CouncilMinisterio de Educación y Ciencia (España)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]2024202420222024info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/357147reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/340863info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//CGL2016-78971-Pinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//P18-FR5008http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00075Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3571472026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
title Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
spellingShingle Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
Otálora, Fermín
Dallol
Geothermal model
Houston formation
Mineral dehydration
Salt volcano
title_short Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
title_full Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
title_fullStr Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
title_full_unstemmed Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
title_sort Mineralochemical Mechanism for the Formation of Salt Volcanoes: The Case of Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia)
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Otálora, Fermín
Palero, Fernando
Papaslioti, Evgenia Maria
García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
author Otálora, Fermín
author_facet Otálora, Fermín
Palero, Fernando
Papaslioti, Evgenia Maria
García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
author_role author
author2 Palero, Fernando
Papaslioti, Evgenia Maria
García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel
author2_role author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Research Council
Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Dallol
Geothermal model
Houston formation
Mineral dehydration
Salt volcano
topic Dallol
Geothermal model
Houston formation
Mineral dehydration
Salt volcano
description A genetic model is proposed for the formation and evolution of volcano-like structures from materials other than molten silicate rocks. The model is based on Mount Dallol (Afar Triangle, Ethiopia), currently hosting a conspicuous hydrothermal system with hot, hyper-acidic springs, forming a colorful landscape of unique mineral patterns. We reason that Mount Dallol is the last stage of the formation of a salt volcano driven by the destabilization of a thick sequence of hydrated minerals (the Houston Formation) after the emplacement of an igneous intrusion beneath the thick Danakil evaporitic sequence. Our claim is supported by field studies, calculations of the mineral/water volume balance upon mineral dehydration, and by a geothermal model of the Danakil basin predicting a temperature up to 220 °C at the Houston Formation after the intrusion of a basaltic magma without direct contact with the evaporitic sequence. Although insufficient for salt melting, this heating triggers mineral dehydration and hydrolysis, leading to a total volume increase of at least 25%. The released brine is segregated upward into a pressurized chamber, where the excess volume produced the doming of Mount Dallol. Later, the collapse of the dome formed a caldera and the emission of clastic flows. The resulting structures and materials resemble volcanic lava flows in distribution, structure, and texture but are entirely made of salty materials. This novel mechanism of the generation of pressurized brines and their later eruption extends the relevance of volcanologic studies to lower temperature ranges and unanticipated geologic contexts on Earth and possibly also on other planets.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022
2024
2024
2024
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/357147
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/357147
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/340863
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//CGL2016-78971-P
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO//P18-FR5008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00075
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv American Chemical Society
publisher.none.fl_str_mv American Chemical Society
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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