Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption

Seed production is vital for plant recruitment, shaped by tree traits, climate, and biotic pressures. Droughts can strongly affect reproductive processes, with cascading effects on squirrels. Their feeding behaviour responds to cone size and availability, both climate-driven. This study evaluates ho...

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Autores: Domènech, Sofia, Sabaté i Jorba, Santi, Real, Joan, Pons i Julià, Daniel, Vázquez Recasens, Jordi, Puig-Gironès, Roger
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
Repositorio:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
OAI Identifier:oai:recercat.cat:2445/227783
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/2445/227783
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Resistència de les plantes a la sequera
Pins
Drought tolerance of plants
Pine
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spelling Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumptionDomènech, SofiaSabaté i Jorba, SantiReal, JoanPons i Julià, DanielVázquez Recasens, JordiPuig-Gironès, RogerResistència de les plantes a la sequeraPinsDrought tolerance of plantsPineSeed production is vital for plant recruitment, shaped by tree traits, climate, and biotic pressures. Droughts can strongly affect reproductive processes, with cascading effects on squirrels. Their feeding behaviour responds to cone size and availability, both climate-driven. This study evaluates how a prolonged drought (three years below average precipitation) affects pine cone production and red squirrel foraging behaviour. Specifically, we (1) analyse tree- and environmental-related drivers of production, (2) quantify squirrel consumption relative to cone availability, and (3) explore links between cone size, production, and exploitation. From 2019–2024, we recorded 32,531 produced and 13,013 consumed cones across 36 transects, with Aleppo pine being dominant. Production varies by species, reflecting distinct reproductive phenologies and species-specific climatic sensitivities. Across pine species, production was negatively associated with drought-related conditions during key reproductive stages, indicating shared vulnerability to water limitation. Rather than long-term trends, these responses reflect interannual climatic variability as a reproductive bottleneck, promoting cross-species synchronization and local homogenization. Crown diameter and habitat significantly affected production. Habitat also shaped squirrel consumption, with mixed forests showing higher rates. Tree diameter and crown size affected cone length, which influenced squirrel feeding. Despite reduced production, squirrel consumption remained stable or even increased during low-production years, with some areas exceeding 75 % of available cones. This suggests that reduced seed availability combined with sustained foraging pressure may impair forest regeneration. Overall, our findings show that climate extremes can synchronize reproductive failure across co-occurring pine species, reveal drought‑driven pollination limits while intensifying trophic pressures in drought-prone ecosystems.Elsevier B.V.2026202620262026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion14 p.application/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/227783Articles publicats en revistes (Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals)reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunyainstname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)InglésReproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123546Forest Ecology and Management, 2026, vol. 606https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123546cc-by-nc-nd (c) Domènech, Sofia et al., 2026http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:recercat.cat:2445/2277832026-05-29T05:05:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
title Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
spellingShingle Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
Domènech, Sofia
Resistència de les plantes a la sequera
Pins
Drought tolerance of plants
Pine
title_short Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
title_full Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
title_fullStr Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
title_full_unstemmed Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
title_sort Prolonged drought constrains pine cone production but not its consumption
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Domènech, Sofia
Sabaté i Jorba, Santi
Real, Joan
Pons i Julià, Daniel
Vázquez Recasens, Jordi
Puig-Gironès, Roger
author Domènech, Sofia
author_facet Domènech, Sofia
Sabaté i Jorba, Santi
Real, Joan
Pons i Julià, Daniel
Vázquez Recasens, Jordi
Puig-Gironès, Roger
author_role author
author2 Sabaté i Jorba, Santi
Real, Joan
Pons i Julià, Daniel
Vázquez Recasens, Jordi
Puig-Gironès, Roger
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Resistència de les plantes a la sequera
Pins
Drought tolerance of plants
Pine
topic Resistència de les plantes a la sequera
Pins
Drought tolerance of plants
Pine
description Seed production is vital for plant recruitment, shaped by tree traits, climate, and biotic pressures. Droughts can strongly affect reproductive processes, with cascading effects on squirrels. Their feeding behaviour responds to cone size and availability, both climate-driven. This study evaluates how a prolonged drought (three years below average precipitation) affects pine cone production and red squirrel foraging behaviour. Specifically, we (1) analyse tree- and environmental-related drivers of production, (2) quantify squirrel consumption relative to cone availability, and (3) explore links between cone size, production, and exploitation. From 2019–2024, we recorded 32,531 produced and 13,013 consumed cones across 36 transects, with Aleppo pine being dominant. Production varies by species, reflecting distinct reproductive phenologies and species-specific climatic sensitivities. Across pine species, production was negatively associated with drought-related conditions during key reproductive stages, indicating shared vulnerability to water limitation. Rather than long-term trends, these responses reflect interannual climatic variability as a reproductive bottleneck, promoting cross-species synchronization and local homogenization. Crown diameter and habitat significantly affected production. Habitat also shaped squirrel consumption, with mixed forests showing higher rates. Tree diameter and crown size affected cone length, which influenced squirrel feeding. Despite reduced production, squirrel consumption remained stable or even increased during low-production years, with some areas exceeding 75 % of available cones. This suggests that reduced seed availability combined with sustained foraging pressure may impair forest regeneration. Overall, our findings show that climate extremes can synchronize reproductive failure across co-occurring pine species, reveal drought‑driven pollination limits while intensifying trophic pressures in drought-prone ecosystems.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2445/227783
url https://hdl.handle.net/2445/227783
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123546
Forest Ecology and Management, 2026, vol. 606
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2026.123546
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv cc-by-nc-nd (c) Domènech, Sofia et al., 2026
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv cc-by-nc-nd (c) Domènech, Sofia et al., 2026
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv 14 p.
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier B.V.
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier B.V.
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Articles publicats en revistes (Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals)
reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
instname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
instname_str Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
reponame_str Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
collection Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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