Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration

The expansion of battery swapping stations (BSSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) is attracting research interest for their capability to swiftly replace depleted batteries, mitigating range anxiety for EV users, and their potential to supply power to the distribution system (DS). As EV adoption grows,...

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Autores: Güldorum, Hilmi Cihan, Díaz Cachinero, Pablo, Muñoz Delgado, Gregorio, Contreras Sanz, Javier
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
Repositorio:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
OAI Identifier:oai:ruidera.uclm.es:10578/44196
Acceso en línea:https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2025.3570432
https://hdl.handle.net/10578/44196
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Batteries
Costs
Degradation
Electric potential
Europe
Optimization models
Power system stability
Quality of experience
Vehicle-to-everything
Vehicle-to-grid
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spelling Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integrationGüldorum, Hilmi CihanDíaz Cachinero, PabloMuñoz Delgado, GregorioContreras Sanz, JavierBatteriesCostsDegradationElectric potentialEuropeOptimization modelsPower system stabilityQuality of experienceVehicle-to-everythingVehicle-to-gridThe expansion of battery swapping stations (BSSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) is attracting research interest for their capability to swiftly replace depleted batteries, mitigating range anxiety for EV users, and their potential to supply power to the distribution system (DS). As EV adoption grows, an increase in both BSSs and charging stations (CSs) is anticipated. This study introduces a novel concept for the battery charging and swapping stations (BCSSs) offering both charging and swapping services to EVs, alongside ancillary DS support and a variety of flexibility sources. The proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model seeks to maximize station owner’s profits by optimizing revenues from EV services and energy sales to the DS, including battery-to-grid (B2G) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transactions, while considering costs associated with battery degradation and unmet service requests. The model also contains photovoltaic (PV) generation and enhances EV user satisfaction and station profitability through diverse energy transfer services, such as battery-to-battery (B2B), battery-to-vehicle (B2V), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-battery (V2B). The proposed model also considers the time-varying electricity tariff. Simulation results over a 24-hour period with 15-minute intervals reveal that the battery-to-everything (B2X) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) flexibility services significantly improve EV satisfaction and mitigate profit loss during high-demand periods, thus greatly improving station versatility.IEEE202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2025.3570432https://hdl.handle.net/10578/44196reponame:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLMinstname:Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaInglésPID2021-122579OBI00info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ruidera.uclm.es:10578/441962026-05-27T07:36:41Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
title Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
spellingShingle Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
Güldorum, Hilmi Cihan
Batteries
Costs
Degradation
Electric potential
Europe
Optimization models
Power system stability
Quality of experience
Vehicle-to-everything
Vehicle-to-grid
title_short Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
title_full Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
title_fullStr Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
title_full_unstemmed Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
title_sort Unlocking the potential of battery charging and swapping stations: achieving fully flexible operation via B2X and V2X integration
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Güldorum, Hilmi Cihan
Díaz Cachinero, Pablo
Muñoz Delgado, Gregorio
Contreras Sanz, Javier
author Güldorum, Hilmi Cihan
author_facet Güldorum, Hilmi Cihan
Díaz Cachinero, Pablo
Muñoz Delgado, Gregorio
Contreras Sanz, Javier
author_role author
author2 Díaz Cachinero, Pablo
Muñoz Delgado, Gregorio
Contreras Sanz, Javier
author2_role author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Batteries
Costs
Degradation
Electric potential
Europe
Optimization models
Power system stability
Quality of experience
Vehicle-to-everything
Vehicle-to-grid
topic Batteries
Costs
Degradation
Electric potential
Europe
Optimization models
Power system stability
Quality of experience
Vehicle-to-everything
Vehicle-to-grid
description The expansion of battery swapping stations (BSSs) for electric vehicles (EVs) is attracting research interest for their capability to swiftly replace depleted batteries, mitigating range anxiety for EV users, and their potential to supply power to the distribution system (DS). As EV adoption grows, an increase in both BSSs and charging stations (CSs) is anticipated. This study introduces a novel concept for the battery charging and swapping stations (BCSSs) offering both charging and swapping services to EVs, alongside ancillary DS support and a variety of flexibility sources. The proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model seeks to maximize station owner’s profits by optimizing revenues from EV services and energy sales to the DS, including battery-to-grid (B2G) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transactions, while considering costs associated with battery degradation and unmet service requests. The model also contains photovoltaic (PV) generation and enhances EV user satisfaction and station profitability through diverse energy transfer services, such as battery-to-battery (B2B), battery-to-vehicle (B2V), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-battery (V2B). The proposed model also considers the time-varying electricity tariff. Simulation results over a 24-hour period with 15-minute intervals reveal that the battery-to-everything (B2X) and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) flexibility services significantly improve EV satisfaction and mitigate profit loss during high-demand periods, thus greatly improving station versatility.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2025.3570432
https://hdl.handle.net/10578/44196
url https://doi.org/10.1109/tte.2025.3570432
https://hdl.handle.net/10578/44196
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv PID2021-122579OBI00
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv IEEE
publisher.none.fl_str_mv IEEE
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
instname:Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
instname_str Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha
reponame_str RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
collection RUIdeRA. Repositorio Institucional de la UCLM
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15.812429

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