Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?

Background: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile communication technologies is changing rapidly. To characterize sources and associated variability, we studied the differences and correlations in exposure patterns between children aged 8 to 18 and their parents, ove...

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Autores: Eeftens, Marloes, Struchen, Benjamin, Ellen Birks, Laura, Cardis, Elisabeth, Estarlich, Marisa, Fernandez, Mariana F., Gajsek, Peter, Gallastegi, Mara, Huss, Anke, Kheifets, Leeka, Meder, Inger Kristine, Olsen, Jorn, Torrent, Maties, Trcek, Tomaz, Valic, Blaz, Vermeulen, Roel, Vrijheied, Martine, van Wel, Luuk, Guxens, Monica, Roosli, Martin
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2018
País:España
Recursos:Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)
Repositorio:r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica
OAI Identifier:oai:fisabio.fundanetsuite.com:p2774
Acesso em linha:https://fisabio.portalinvestigacion.com/publicaciones/2774
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Personal exposure
Electromagnetic fields
Smart phones
Cell phones
Wireless technology
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spelling Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?Eeftens, MarloesStruchen, BenjaminEllen Birks, LauraCardis, ElisabethEstarlich, MarisaFernandez, Mariana F.Gajsek, PeterGallastegi, MaraHuss, AnkeKheifets, LeekaMeder, Inger KristineOlsen, JornTorrent, MatiesTrcek, TomazValic, BlazVermeulen, RoelVrijheied, Martinevan Wel, LuukGuxens, MonicaRoosli, MartinPersonal exposureElectromagnetic fieldsSmart phonesCell phonesWireless technologyBackground: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile communication technologies is changing rapidly. To characterize sources and associated variability, we studied the differences and correlations in exposure patterns between children aged 8 to 18 and their parents, over the course of the day, by age, by activity pattern, and for different metrics of exposure. Methods: Using portable RF-EMF measurement devices, we collected simultaneous real-time personal measurements of RF-EMF over 24 to 72 h in 294 parent-child pairs from Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Spain. The devices measured the power flux density (mW/m(2)) in 16 different frequency bands every 4 s, and activity diary Apps kept by the participants were used to collect time-activity information in realtime. We analyzed their exposures by activity, for the different source constituents of exposure: downlink (radiation emitted from mobile phone base stations), uplink (transmission from phone to base station), broadcast, DECT (digital enhanced cordless telecommunications) and Wi-Fi. We looked at the correlations between parents and children overall, during day (06:00-22.00) and night (22:00-06:00) and while spending time at home. Results: The mean of time-weighted average personal exposures was 0.16 mW/m(2) for children and 0.15 mW/m(2) for parents, on average predominantly originating from downlink sources (47% for children and 45% for parents), followed by uplink (18% and 27% respectively) and broadcast (25% and 19%). On average, exposure for downlink and uplink were highest during the day, and for Wi-Fi and DECT during the evening. Exposure during activities where most of the time is spent (home, school and work) was relatively low whereas exposure during travel and outside activities was higher. Exposure to uplink increased with age among young people, while DECT decreased slightly. Exposure to downlink, broadcast, and Wi-Fi showed no obvious trend with age. We found that exposure to total RF-EMF is correlated among children and their parents (R-speannan = 0.45), especially while at home (0.62) and during the night (0.60). Correlations were higher for environmental sources such as downlink (0.57) and broadcast (0.62) than for usage-related exposures such as uplink (0.29). Conclusion: The generation gap between children and their parents is mostly evident in uplink exposure, due to more and longer uplink and cordless phone calls among parents, and their tendency to spend slightly more time in activities with higher environmental RF-EMF exposure, such as travel. Despite these differences in personal behavior, exposure to RF-EMF is moderately correlated between children and their parents, especially exposures resulting from environmental RF-EMF sources.PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD2018info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttps://fisabio.portalinvestigacion.com/publicaciones/2774ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONALISSN: 01604120ISSNe: 18736750reponame:r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científicainstname:Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)Inglésinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:fisabio.fundanetsuite.com:p27742026-06-11T12:45:17Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
title Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
spellingShingle Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
Eeftens, Marloes
Personal exposure
Electromagnetic fields
Smart phones
Cell phones
Wireless technology
title_short Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
title_full Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
title_fullStr Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
title_full_unstemmed Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
title_sort Personal exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields in Europe: Is there a generation gap?
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Eeftens, Marloes
Struchen, Benjamin
Ellen Birks, Laura
Cardis, Elisabeth
Estarlich, Marisa
Fernandez, Mariana F.
Gajsek, Peter
Gallastegi, Mara
Huss, Anke
Kheifets, Leeka
Meder, Inger Kristine
Olsen, Jorn
Torrent, Maties
Trcek, Tomaz
Valic, Blaz
Vermeulen, Roel
Vrijheied, Martine
van Wel, Luuk
Guxens, Monica
Roosli, Martin
author Eeftens, Marloes
author_facet Eeftens, Marloes
Struchen, Benjamin
Ellen Birks, Laura
Cardis, Elisabeth
Estarlich, Marisa
Fernandez, Mariana F.
Gajsek, Peter
Gallastegi, Mara
Huss, Anke
Kheifets, Leeka
Meder, Inger Kristine
Olsen, Jorn
Torrent, Maties
Trcek, Tomaz
Valic, Blaz
Vermeulen, Roel
Vrijheied, Martine
van Wel, Luuk
Guxens, Monica
Roosli, Martin
author_role author
author2 Struchen, Benjamin
Ellen Birks, Laura
Cardis, Elisabeth
Estarlich, Marisa
Fernandez, Mariana F.
Gajsek, Peter
Gallastegi, Mara
Huss, Anke
Kheifets, Leeka
Meder, Inger Kristine
Olsen, Jorn
Torrent, Maties
Trcek, Tomaz
Valic, Blaz
Vermeulen, Roel
Vrijheied, Martine
van Wel, Luuk
Guxens, Monica
Roosli, Martin
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Personal exposure
Electromagnetic fields
Smart phones
Cell phones
Wireless technology
topic Personal exposure
Electromagnetic fields
Smart phones
Cell phones
Wireless technology
description Background: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile communication technologies is changing rapidly. To characterize sources and associated variability, we studied the differences and correlations in exposure patterns between children aged 8 to 18 and their parents, over the course of the day, by age, by activity pattern, and for different metrics of exposure. Methods: Using portable RF-EMF measurement devices, we collected simultaneous real-time personal measurements of RF-EMF over 24 to 72 h in 294 parent-child pairs from Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Spain. The devices measured the power flux density (mW/m(2)) in 16 different frequency bands every 4 s, and activity diary Apps kept by the participants were used to collect time-activity information in realtime. We analyzed their exposures by activity, for the different source constituents of exposure: downlink (radiation emitted from mobile phone base stations), uplink (transmission from phone to base station), broadcast, DECT (digital enhanced cordless telecommunications) and Wi-Fi. We looked at the correlations between parents and children overall, during day (06:00-22.00) and night (22:00-06:00) and while spending time at home. Results: The mean of time-weighted average personal exposures was 0.16 mW/m(2) for children and 0.15 mW/m(2) for parents, on average predominantly originating from downlink sources (47% for children and 45% for parents), followed by uplink (18% and 27% respectively) and broadcast (25% and 19%). On average, exposure for downlink and uplink were highest during the day, and for Wi-Fi and DECT during the evening. Exposure during activities where most of the time is spent (home, school and work) was relatively low whereas exposure during travel and outside activities was higher. Exposure to uplink increased with age among young people, while DECT decreased slightly. Exposure to downlink, broadcast, and Wi-Fi showed no obvious trend with age. We found that exposure to total RF-EMF is correlated among children and their parents (R-speannan = 0.45), especially while at home (0.62) and during the night (0.60). Correlations were higher for environmental sources such as downlink (0.57) and broadcast (0.62) than for usage-related exposures such as uplink (0.29). Conclusion: The generation gap between children and their parents is mostly evident in uplink exposure, due to more and longer uplink and cordless phone calls among parents, and their tendency to spend slightly more time in activities with higher environmental RF-EMF exposure, such as travel. Despite these differences in personal behavior, exposure to RF-EMF is moderately correlated between children and their parents, especially exposures resulting from environmental RF-EMF sources.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2018
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://fisabio.portalinvestigacion.com/publicaciones/2774
url https://fisabio.portalinvestigacion.com/publicaciones/2774
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
publisher.none.fl_str_mv PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
ISSN: 01604120
ISSNe: 18736750
reponame:r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica
instname:Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)
instname_str Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)
reponame_str r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica
collection r-FISABIO. Repositorio Institucional de Producción Científica
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15.812455

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