Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport

D. Cont et al.

Bibliographic Details
Authors: Cont, David, Shulyak, D., Amado, Pedro J., Morello, Giuseppe, Sánchez-López, A., Caballero, J. A., Ribas, Ignasi
Format: article
Status:Published version
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repository:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/400303
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/400303
http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15757v1
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Planets and satellites: atmospheres
Planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2109b
Techniques: spectroscopic
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
title Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
spellingShingle Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
Cont, David
Planets and satellites: atmospheres
Planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2109b
Techniques: spectroscopic
title_short Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
title_full Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
title_fullStr Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
title_full_unstemmed Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
title_sort Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transport
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Cont, David
Shulyak, D.
Amado, Pedro J.
Morello, Giuseppe
Sánchez-López, A.
Caballero, J. A.
Ribas, Ignasi
author Cont, David
author_facet Cont, David
Shulyak, D.
Amado, Pedro J.
Morello, Giuseppe
Sánchez-López, A.
Caballero, J. A.
Ribas, Ignasi
author_role author
author2 Shulyak, D.
Amado, Pedro J.
Morello, Giuseppe
Sánchez-López, A.
Caballero, J. A.
Ribas, Ignasi
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
European Commission
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Cont, David [0000-0002-6187-8154]
Shulyak, D. [0000-0001-8496-2482]
Amado, Pedro J. [0000-0002-8388-6040]
Morello, Giuseppe [0000-0002-4262-5661]
Sánchez-López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956]
Caballero, J. A. [0000-0002-7349-1387]
Ribas, Ignasi [0000-0002-6689-0312]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Planets and satellites: atmospheres
Planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2109b
Techniques: spectroscopic
topic Planets and satellites: atmospheres
Planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2109b
Techniques: spectroscopic
description D. Cont et al.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/400303
http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15757v1
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/400303
http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15757v1
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
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publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
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spelling Retrieving day- and nightside atmospheric properties of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109b. Detection of Fe and CO emission lines and evidence for inefficient heat transportCont, DavidShulyak, D.Amado, Pedro J.Morello, GiuseppeSánchez-López, A.Caballero, J. A.Ribas, IgnasiPlanets and satellites: atmospheresPlanets and satellites: individual: TOI-2109bTechniques: spectroscopicD. Cont et al.The ultra-hot Jupiter (UHJ) TOI-2109b marks the lower edge of the equilibrium temperature gap between 3500 and 4500 K, an unexplored thermal regime that separates KELT-9b, the hottest planet yet discovered, from all other currently known gas giants. To study the thermochemical structure of TOI-2109b’s atmosphere, we obtained high-resolution emission spectra of both the planetary day- and nightsides with CAHA/CARMENES and VLT/CRIRES+. By applying the cross-correlation technique to the high-resolution spectra, we identified the emission signatures of Fe I (S/N = 4.3) and CO (S/N = 6.3), as well as a thermal inversion layer in the dayside atmo-sphere; no significant H2O signal was detected from the dayside. None of the analyzed species were detectable from the nightside atmosphere. We applied a Bayesian retrieval framework that combines high-resolution spectroscopy with photometric measurements to constrain the dayside atmospheric parameters and derive upper limits for the nightside hemisphere. The dayside thermal inversion extends from approximately 3200 to 4600 K, with an atmospheric metallicity consistent with that of the host star (0.36 dex). Only weak constraints could be placed on the C/O ratio, with a lower limit of 0.15. The retrieved spectral line broadening is consistent with tidally locked rotation, indicating the absence of strong dynamical processes in the atmosphere. An upper temperature limit of approximately 2400 K and a maximum atmospheric temperature gradient of about 700 K/log bar could be derived for the planetary nightside. Comparison of the retrieved dayside temperature-pressure profile with theoretical models, the absence of strong atmospheric dynamics, and significant differences in the thermal constraints between the day- and nightside hemispheres suggest a limited heat transport efficiency across the planetary atmosphere. Overall, our results place TOI-2109b in a transitional regime between the UHJs below the thermal gap, which show both CO and H2O emission lines, and KELT-9b, where molecular features are largely absent.CRIRES+ is an ESO upgrade project carried out by Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, and Uppsala University. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) through Grants 05A11MG3, 05A14MG4, 05A17MG2 and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. This project is based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under the ESO programmes 113.26GE.001 and 113.26GE.002. CARMENES is an instrument at the Centro Astronómico Hispano en Andalucía (CAHA) at Calar Alto (Almería, Spain), operated jointly by the Junta de Andalucía and the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC). CARMENES was funded by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), the Min-isterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through projects FICTS-2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, and CAHA16-CE-3978, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Landessternwarte Königstuhl, Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, Institut für Astrophysik Göttingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiología and Centro Astronómico Hispano-Alemán), with additional contributions by the MINECO, the Deutsche Forschungsge-meinschaft (DFG) through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Research Unit FOR2544 “Blue Planets around Red Stars”, the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Württemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucía. We acknowledge support from DFG through Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2094 – 390783311, the priority program SPP 1992 “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets” DFG PR 36 24602/41, and project 31466515; the LMU-Munich Fraunhofer-Schwarzschild Fellowship; the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through grant 2018.0192; the National Natural Science Foundation of China through project 42375118; the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI/10.13039/501100011033) of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and the ERDF “A way of making Europe” through projects PID2022-137241NB-C4[1:4], PID2021-125627OB-C31, PID2021-126365NB-C21, RYC2022-037854-I, and the Centre of Excellence “Severo Ochoa” and “María de Maeztu” awards to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (CEX2019-000920-S), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CEX2021-001131-S) and Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CEX2020-001058-M). This work has made use of the following Python packages: Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013), CMasher (van der Velden 2020), corner (Foreman-Mackey 2016), GNU Parallel (Tange 2021), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007), NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), PyAstronomy (Czesla et al. 2019), and SciPy (Virtanen et al. 2020).With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excelence" accreditation (CEX2019-000920-S)With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excelence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S)With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2020-001058-M)Peer reviewedEDP SciencesConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)European CommissionAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Cont, David [0000-0002-6187-8154]Shulyak, D. [0000-0001-8496-2482]Amado, Pedro J. [0000-0002-8388-6040]Morello, Giuseppe [0000-0002-4262-5661]Sánchez-López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956]Caballero, J. A. [0000-0002-7349-1387]Ribas, Ignasi [0000-0002-6689-0312]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/400303http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15757v1reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. 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