Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting

Non-consensual sexting entails the dissemination of erotic-sexual content without the consent of the original sender. Previous research has mainly focused on understanding the behavior of victims and aggressors. However, bystanders have been found to exert a key role in the psychosocial dynamics of...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Villa Henao, Daniela, Ojeda Pérez, Mónica, Muñoz Fernández, Noelia, Rey Alamillo, Rosario del, Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
Repositorio:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:idus________::c9193ac63c6f94bdb83601804ff26837
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/11441/184812
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03384-z
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Non-consensual sexting
Theory of normative social behavior
· Bystander response
Social norms
Empathy
Sexting
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spelling Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual SextingVilla Henao, DanielaOjeda Pérez, MónicaMuñoz Fernández, NoeliaRey Alamillo, Rosario delMora Merchán, Joaquín AntonioNon-consensual sextingTheory of normative social behavior· Bystander responseSocial normsEmpathySextingNon-consensual sexting entails the dissemination of erotic-sexual content without the consent of the original sender. Previous research has mainly focused on understanding the behavior of victims and aggressors. However, bystanders have been found to exert a key role in the psychosocial dynamics of this type of cyberviolence. Thus, it is essential to enhance our understanding of bystander response patterns by examining theoretical frameworks conducive to their explanation. This study contributes to this endeavor by assessing the applicability of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) in understanding bystanders’ responses and intentions within the context of non-consensual sexting. Data were collected from 2539 students (49.2% girls, 49.1% boys, 1.7% others) aged 11–18 years. Employing structural equation modeling, the results of this study suggest that the social norms that constitute the TNSB framework provide a solid basis for understanding bystanders’ responses and intentions to non-consensual sexting. Specifically, friends’ injunctive norms, subjective norms, and descriptive norms were key predictors of bystander responses. Incorporating additional factors, such as empathy, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, and parental supervision significantly improved model fit. Empathy was positively related to defensive responses and negatively to passivity. Heteronormative attitudes and beliefs were significant predictors across all three response types. Parental supervision was positively associated with defensive responses and negatively with passive ones. These findings offer a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent bystander behavior in non-consensual sexting scenarios and underscore the importance of targeting both social and individual factors in prevention and intervention efforts.SpringerPsicología Evolutiva y de la EducaciónMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). EspañaAgencia Estatal de Investigación. España2026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/184812https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03384-zreponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevillainstname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)InglésArchives of Sexual Behavior, 55 (2), 613-631. PID2020-115913GB-I00https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03384-zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:idus________::c9193ac63c6f94bdb83601804ff268372026-06-17T12:51:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
title Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
spellingShingle Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
Villa Henao, Daniela
Non-consensual sexting
Theory of normative social behavior
· Bystander response
Social norms
Empathy
Sexting
title_short Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
title_full Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
title_fullStr Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
title_full_unstemmed Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
title_sort Understanding Bystander’s Response and Intentions in Non-Consensual Sexting
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Villa Henao, Daniela
Ojeda Pérez, Mónica
Muñoz Fernández, Noelia
Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
author Villa Henao, Daniela
author_facet Villa Henao, Daniela
Ojeda Pérez, Mónica
Muñoz Fernández, Noelia
Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
author_role author
author2 Ojeda Pérez, Mónica
Muñoz Fernández, Noelia
Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
Agencia Estatal de Investigación. España
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Non-consensual sexting
Theory of normative social behavior
· Bystander response
Social norms
Empathy
Sexting
topic Non-consensual sexting
Theory of normative social behavior
· Bystander response
Social norms
Empathy
Sexting
description Non-consensual sexting entails the dissemination of erotic-sexual content without the consent of the original sender. Previous research has mainly focused on understanding the behavior of victims and aggressors. However, bystanders have been found to exert a key role in the psychosocial dynamics of this type of cyberviolence. Thus, it is essential to enhance our understanding of bystander response patterns by examining theoretical frameworks conducive to their explanation. This study contributes to this endeavor by assessing the applicability of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) in understanding bystanders’ responses and intentions within the context of non-consensual sexting. Data were collected from 2539 students (49.2% girls, 49.1% boys, 1.7% others) aged 11–18 years. Employing structural equation modeling, the results of this study suggest that the social norms that constitute the TNSB framework provide a solid basis for understanding bystanders’ responses and intentions to non-consensual sexting. Specifically, friends’ injunctive norms, subjective norms, and descriptive norms were key predictors of bystander responses. Incorporating additional factors, such as empathy, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, and parental supervision significantly improved model fit. Empathy was positively related to defensive responses and negatively to passivity. Heteronormative attitudes and beliefs were significant predictors across all three response types. Parental supervision was positively associated with defensive responses and negatively with passive ones. These findings offer a comprehensive framework for understanding adolescent bystander behavior in non-consensual sexting scenarios and underscore the importance of targeting both social and individual factors in prevention and intervention efforts.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11441/184812
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03384-z
url https://hdl.handle.net/11441/184812
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03384-z
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Archives of Sexual Behavior, 55 (2), 613-631.
PID2020-115913GB-I00
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03384-z
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
instname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
instname_str Universidad de Sevilla (US)
reponame_str idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
collection idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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