Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) remains one of the most important pathogens in swine production, associated with a spectrum of clinical conditions collectively termed PCV2-associated diseases. Despite the remarkable success of vaccination programs, which have drastically reduced the incidence of sy...

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Autores: Segalés Coma, Joaquim|||0000-0002-1539-7261, Franzo, Giovanni|||0000-0003-2991-217X, Larsen, Lars Erik, Nauwynck, Hans, Opriessnig, Tanja, Stadejek, Tomasz, Vannucci, Fabio
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Repositorio:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:ddd.uab.cat:326609
Acesso em linha:https://ddd.uab.cat/record/326609
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1186/s12917-025-05134-8
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Porcine circovirus 2
PCV2
Pigs
Genotypes
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Transmission
Diagnostics
Vaccines
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spelling Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infectionsSegalés Coma, Joaquim|||0000-0002-1539-7261Franzo, Giovanni|||0000-0003-2991-217XLarsen, Lars ErikNauwynck, HansOpriessnig, TanjaStadejek, TomaszVannucci, FabioPorcine circovirus 2PCV2PigsGenotypesPathogenesisEpidemiologyTransmissionDiagnosticsVaccinesPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) remains one of the most important pathogens in swine production, associated with a spectrum of clinical conditions collectively termed PCV2-associated diseases. Despite the remarkable success of vaccination programs, which have drastically reduced the incidence of systemic disease and reproductive disorders, PCV2 continues to circulate globally in both domestic and wild swine populations. Its high evolutionary rate, capacity for recombination, and broad host plasticity raise ongoing concerns regarding viral persistence and long-term control. This review synthesizes current knowledge and identifies critical research gaps that hinder the development of sustainable PCV2 control strategies. While vaccines effectively mitigate clinical disease, they do not fully prevent infection or virus shedding, thereby allowing continued circulation and genetic diversification. The biological consequences of this viral evolution-including potential impacts on cross-protection, virulence, and vaccine escape-remain insufficiently understood. Similarly, the role of host immunity, co-infections, and environmental or management factors in modulating disease outcomes is incompletely characterized. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCV2 pathogenesis, including immune modulation and determinants of subclinical versus clinical outcomes, is urgently needed. Diagnostic approaches have also evolved, with molecular techniques such as quantitative PCR largely replacing histopathology and immunohistochemistry. While highly sensitive, these methods cannot establish causal relationships between viral presence and disease, underscoring the need for integrated diagnostic frameworks. In addition, harmonized thresholds for viral load quantification and standardized serological assays to assess protective immunity are lacking, limiting comparability across studies and surveillance systems. Future priorities should include the development of next-generation vaccines capable of inducing sterilizing immunity, investigation of optimal vaccination schedules in the context of maternally derived antibodies, and exploration of innovative vaccine delivery platforms. Furthermore, integrated surveillance strategies combining molecular epidemiology, wildlife monitoring, and international data sharing will be essential to track viral evolution and detect potential vaccine breakthroughs. Addressing these knowledge gaps will require coordinated efforts across fundamental, applied, and translational research, aligned with the needs of veterinarians and the swine industry. Only through such an integrated agenda can the sector advance from disease control towards the long-term goal of PCV2 elimination. 22025-01-0120252025-01-01Articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://ddd.uab.cat/record/326609https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1186/s12917-025-05134-8reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UABinstname:Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaInglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Aquest document està subjecte a una llicència d'ús Creative Commons. Es permet la reproducció total o parcial, la distribució, i la comunicació pública de l'obra, sempre que no sigui amb finalitats comercials, i sempre que es reconegui l'autoria de l'obra original. No es permet la creació d'obres derivades.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:ddd.uab.cat:3266092026-06-06T12:50:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
title Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
spellingShingle Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
Segalés Coma, Joaquim|||0000-0002-1539-7261
Porcine circovirus 2
PCV2
Pigs
Genotypes
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Transmission
Diagnostics
Vaccines
title_short Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
title_full Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
title_fullStr Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
title_full_unstemmed Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
title_sort Knowledge gaps in research and control of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Segalés Coma, Joaquim|||0000-0002-1539-7261
Franzo, Giovanni|||0000-0003-2991-217X
Larsen, Lars Erik
Nauwynck, Hans
Opriessnig, Tanja
Stadejek, Tomasz
Vannucci, Fabio
author Segalés Coma, Joaquim|||0000-0002-1539-7261
author_facet Segalés Coma, Joaquim|||0000-0002-1539-7261
Franzo, Giovanni|||0000-0003-2991-217X
Larsen, Lars Erik
Nauwynck, Hans
Opriessnig, Tanja
Stadejek, Tomasz
Vannucci, Fabio
author_role author
author2 Franzo, Giovanni|||0000-0003-2991-217X
Larsen, Lars Erik
Nauwynck, Hans
Opriessnig, Tanja
Stadejek, Tomasz
Vannucci, Fabio
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Porcine circovirus 2
PCV2
Pigs
Genotypes
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Transmission
Diagnostics
Vaccines
topic Porcine circovirus 2
PCV2
Pigs
Genotypes
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Transmission
Diagnostics
Vaccines
description Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) remains one of the most important pathogens in swine production, associated with a spectrum of clinical conditions collectively termed PCV2-associated diseases. Despite the remarkable success of vaccination programs, which have drastically reduced the incidence of systemic disease and reproductive disorders, PCV2 continues to circulate globally in both domestic and wild swine populations. Its high evolutionary rate, capacity for recombination, and broad host plasticity raise ongoing concerns regarding viral persistence and long-term control. This review synthesizes current knowledge and identifies critical research gaps that hinder the development of sustainable PCV2 control strategies. While vaccines effectively mitigate clinical disease, they do not fully prevent infection or virus shedding, thereby allowing continued circulation and genetic diversification. The biological consequences of this viral evolution-including potential impacts on cross-protection, virulence, and vaccine escape-remain insufficiently understood. Similarly, the role of host immunity, co-infections, and environmental or management factors in modulating disease outcomes is incompletely characterized. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCV2 pathogenesis, including immune modulation and determinants of subclinical versus clinical outcomes, is urgently needed. Diagnostic approaches have also evolved, with molecular techniques such as quantitative PCR largely replacing histopathology and immunohistochemistry. While highly sensitive, these methods cannot establish causal relationships between viral presence and disease, underscoring the need for integrated diagnostic frameworks. In addition, harmonized thresholds for viral load quantification and standardized serological assays to assess protective immunity are lacking, limiting comparability across studies and surveillance systems. Future priorities should include the development of next-generation vaccines capable of inducing sterilizing immunity, investigation of optimal vaccination schedules in the context of maternally derived antibodies, and exploration of innovative vaccine delivery platforms. Furthermore, integrated surveillance strategies combining molecular epidemiology, wildlife monitoring, and international data sharing will be essential to track viral evolution and detect potential vaccine breakthroughs. Addressing these knowledge gaps will require coordinated efforts across fundamental, applied, and translational research, aligned with the needs of veterinarians and the swine industry. Only through such an integrated agenda can the sector advance from disease control towards the long-term goal of PCV2 elimination.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2
2025-01-01
2025
2025-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://ddd.uab.cat/record/326609
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1186/s12917-025-05134-8
url https://ddd.uab.cat/record/326609
https://dx.doi.org/urn:doi:10.1186/s12917-025-05134-8
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
instname:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
instname_str Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
collection Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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