Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas

Wildfires are widely recognized as a cause of mechanical damage to rocks. Nevertheless, previous research has neglected how wildfires might impact sport climbing areas. In Spain, two large wildfires affected two climbing areas between 2020 and 2021. This paper addresses the rock mechanical effects o...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Yeste Lizán, Pablo, Gómez Heras, Miguel, García Rodríguez, Manuel, Pérez López, Raúl, Carcavilla, Luis, Ortega Becerril, José Antonio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2023
País:España
Institución:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
Repositorio:Docta Complutense
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/87583
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/87583
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:55
574
630*43
Wildfires
Rock weathering
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Ultrasound pulse velocity
Sport climbing
Ecología (Biología)
Geología
2506 Geología
id ES_bcfeefbf284efb208e88d1c43ce8a442
oai_identifier_str oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/87583
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
spelling Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areasYeste Lizán, PabloGómez Heras, MiguelGarcía Rodríguez, ManuelPérez López, RaúlCarcavilla, LuisOrtega Becerril, José Antonio55574630*43WildfiresRock weatheringHazardsRisk perceptionRock hardnessUltrasound pulse velocitySport climbingEcología (Biología)Geología2506 GeologíaWildfires are widely recognized as a cause of mechanical damage to rocks. Nevertheless, previous research has neglected how wildfires might impact sport climbing areas. In Spain, two large wildfires affected two climbing areas between 2020 and 2021. This paper addresses the rock mechanical effects of wildfires that could lead to safety issues, such as rock falls, climbing hold deterioration, and climbing anchor damage. In this study, the Non-Destructive Techniques (NDTs) of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Schmidt Hammer (SH) were used, and two types of measurements were carried out: randomized grid measurements and measurements along the climbing routes. Two phenomena were recognized: (a) thermal breakdown and (b) mineralogical changes. The results of using the SH show a relationship between the decrease in the rebound value and the observed mechanical damage. Field observations showed mechanical weathering, such as cracking, spalling, granular disaggregation, and thermochemical weathering with different temperature thresholds. Observed thermochemical reactions included reddening, CaCO3 calcination, rock decomposition, and quartz cracking. The set of changes involves a major rock outcrop transformation and an acceleration of fire-induced weathering processes. Both areas exhibited more effects at the bottom of the wall. Furthermore, in this paper, we explore how iconic climbing routes can be considered a form of cultural heritage and the consequences of their loss.MDPIUniversidad Complutense de Madrid20232023-01-2420232023-01-24journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/87583reponame:Docta Complutenseinstname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/875832026-06-02T12:44:21Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
title Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
spellingShingle Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
Yeste Lizán, Pablo
55
574
630*43
Wildfires
Rock weathering
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Ultrasound pulse velocity
Sport climbing
Ecología (Biología)
Geología
2506 Geología
title_short Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
title_full Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
title_fullStr Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
title_full_unstemmed Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
title_sort Surface mechanical effects of wildfires on rocks in climbing areas
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Yeste Lizán, Pablo
Gómez Heras, Miguel
García Rodríguez, Manuel
Pérez López, Raúl
Carcavilla, Luis
Ortega Becerril, José Antonio
author Yeste Lizán, Pablo
author_facet Yeste Lizán, Pablo
Gómez Heras, Miguel
García Rodríguez, Manuel
Pérez López, Raúl
Carcavilla, Luis
Ortega Becerril, José Antonio
author_role author
author2 Gómez Heras, Miguel
García Rodríguez, Manuel
Pérez López, Raúl
Carcavilla, Luis
Ortega Becerril, José Antonio
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidad Complutense de Madrid
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 55
574
630*43
Wildfires
Rock weathering
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Ultrasound pulse velocity
Sport climbing
Ecología (Biología)
Geología
2506 Geología
topic 55
574
630*43
Wildfires
Rock weathering
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Ultrasound pulse velocity
Sport climbing
Ecología (Biología)
Geología
2506 Geología
description Wildfires are widely recognized as a cause of mechanical damage to rocks. Nevertheless, previous research has neglected how wildfires might impact sport climbing areas. In Spain, two large wildfires affected two climbing areas between 2020 and 2021. This paper addresses the rock mechanical effects of wildfires that could lead to safety issues, such as rock falls, climbing hold deterioration, and climbing anchor damage. In this study, the Non-Destructive Techniques (NDTs) of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Schmidt Hammer (SH) were used, and two types of measurements were carried out: randomized grid measurements and measurements along the climbing routes. Two phenomena were recognized: (a) thermal breakdown and (b) mineralogical changes. The results of using the SH show a relationship between the decrease in the rebound value and the observed mechanical damage. Field observations showed mechanical weathering, such as cracking, spalling, granular disaggregation, and thermochemical weathering with different temperature thresholds. Observed thermochemical reactions included reddening, CaCO3 calcination, rock decomposition, and quartz cracking. The set of changes involves a major rock outcrop transformation and an acceleration of fire-induced weathering processes. Both areas exhibited more effects at the bottom of the wall. Furthermore, in this paper, we explore how iconic climbing routes can be considered a form of cultural heritage and the consequences of their loss.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2023
2023-01-24
2023
2023-01-24
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/87583
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/87583
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Docta Complutense
instname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
instname_str Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
reponame_str Docta Complutense
collection Docta Complutense
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,300719

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