La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation
[EN] On 19 September 2021, a strombolian volcanic eruption began on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. This event resulted in the destruction of 73 km of roads, urban infrastructure, numerous houses, and agricultural crops, affecting approximately 7200 people and causing losses exceeding...
| Autores: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Tipo de recurso: | artículo |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2024 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) |
| Repositorio: | DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:digital.csic.es:10261/377535 |
| Acceso en línea: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/377535 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85213448976 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Volcanic geohazards La Palma post-eruption reconstruction Lava flows cooling rates |
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La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk MitigationGonzález de Vallejo, Luis I.Álvarez Hernández, AaronFerrer Gijón, María MercedesLockwood, John P.Pérez, Nemesio M.Hernández Pérez, Pedro A.Miranda-Hardisson, AnaRodríguez Losada, José A.Afonso Falcón, DavidRíos Díaz, Héctor de losPáez Padilla, JavierHernández-Gutiérrez, Luis E.Volcanic geohazardsLa Palma post-eruption reconstructionLava flows cooling rates[EN] On 19 September 2021, a strombolian volcanic eruption began on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. This event resulted in the destruction of 73 km of roads, urban infrastructure, numerous houses, and agricultural crops, affecting approximately 7200 people and causing losses exceeding 1.2 billion euros. Around 12 km2 were covered by aa and pahoehoe lava flows, which reached thicknesses of over 70 m. Following the end of the eruption, thermal, geological, and geotechnical site investigations were carried out for the reconstruction and territorial and urban planning, with the main objectives focused on opening roads through hot lava, constructing new urban settlements in areas covered by lava flows, and facilitating the agricultural recovery. The primary challenges to reconstruction included the very slow cooling rate of the lava, resulting in persistent high temperatures, exceeding 500 °C, its highly heterogeneous geotechnical properties with numerous cavities and lava caves, and the presence of toxic gases. Site investigations included geotechnical boreholes, seismic geophysics and ground-penetration radar, and temperature measurements of lava flows using drones and thermocouple devices inside boreholes. To estimate the cooling rates of the lava flows, two physical cooling models were developed based on thermal behavior and geological–geotechnical data. The results indicated that lava cooling durations in some areas exceed practical waiting times for commencing reconstruction. This led to the development of geological engineering solutions that permit road construction and urban and agricultural reconstruction to begin sooner than estimated by the cooling models. On the other hand, potential hazards arising from the eruption process have also been taken into account. Stability analyses of the 200 m high volcanic cone formed during the eruption indicate the possibility of failure in the event of heavy rain and consequently lahar hazards. The results of the investigations carried out and their applications to post-disaster reconstruction may be useful for other volcanic regions, contributing to minimizing risk to infrastructure and urban settlements.This research was supported by the projects “Recuperación Territorial La Palma” and “LP Agricultura” (Doc. nº 08zu4RDNfd2rsBXk2n5MalbMK_QLVySiG and 0gA9vJOeQiqk-N5Znt31B75_D2U3Y4CPu) financed by Canary Islands’ Autonomous Government through the Department of Ecological Transition, Fight Against Climate Change and Territorial Planning, and the General Directorate of Agriculture, respectively.Peer reviewedMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstituteGobierno de CanariasFerrer Gijón, María Mercedes [0000-0002-1331-2770]Lockwood, John P. [0000-0002-6529-4068]Miranda-Hardisson, Ana [0000-0003-2563-7078]Rodríguez Losada, José A. [0000-0001-9324-0983]Ríos Díaz, Héctor de los [0000-0002-8230-9874]Hernández Gutiérrez, Luis Enrique [0000-0002-9554-809X]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252024info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/377535https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85213448976reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Ingléshttps://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5040052Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3775352026-05-22T06:33:51Z |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| title |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| spellingShingle |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation González de Vallejo, Luis I. Volcanic geohazards La Palma post-eruption reconstruction Lava flows cooling rates |
| title_short |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| title_full |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| title_fullStr |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| title_full_unstemmed |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| title_sort |
La Palma 2021 Eruption (Canary Islands): Measurements and Modelling of Lava Flow Cooling Rates and Applications for Infrastructure Reconstruction and Risk Mitigation |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
González de Vallejo, Luis I. Álvarez Hernández, Aaron Ferrer Gijón, María Mercedes Lockwood, John P. Pérez, Nemesio M. Hernández Pérez, Pedro A. Miranda-Hardisson, Ana Rodríguez Losada, José A. Afonso Falcón, David Ríos Díaz, Héctor de los Páez Padilla, Javier Hernández-Gutiérrez, Luis E. |
| author |
González de Vallejo, Luis I. |
| author_facet |
González de Vallejo, Luis I. Álvarez Hernández, Aaron Ferrer Gijón, María Mercedes Lockwood, John P. Pérez, Nemesio M. Hernández Pérez, Pedro A. Miranda-Hardisson, Ana Rodríguez Losada, José A. Afonso Falcón, David Ríos Díaz, Héctor de los Páez Padilla, Javier Hernández-Gutiérrez, Luis E. |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Álvarez Hernández, Aaron Ferrer Gijón, María Mercedes Lockwood, John P. Pérez, Nemesio M. Hernández Pérez, Pedro A. Miranda-Hardisson, Ana Rodríguez Losada, José A. Afonso Falcón, David Ríos Díaz, Héctor de los Páez Padilla, Javier Hernández-Gutiérrez, Luis E. |
| author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author |
| dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Gobierno de Canarias Ferrer Gijón, María Mercedes [0000-0002-1331-2770] Lockwood, John P. [0000-0002-6529-4068] Miranda-Hardisson, Ana [0000-0003-2563-7078] Rodríguez Losada, José A. [0000-0001-9324-0983] Ríos Díaz, Héctor de los [0000-0002-8230-9874] Hernández Gutiérrez, Luis Enrique [0000-0002-9554-809X] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72] |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Volcanic geohazards La Palma post-eruption reconstruction Lava flows cooling rates |
| topic |
Volcanic geohazards La Palma post-eruption reconstruction Lava flows cooling rates |
| description |
[EN] On 19 September 2021, a strombolian volcanic eruption began on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands. This event resulted in the destruction of 73 km of roads, urban infrastructure, numerous houses, and agricultural crops, affecting approximately 7200 people and causing losses exceeding 1.2 billion euros. Around 12 km2 were covered by aa and pahoehoe lava flows, which reached thicknesses of over 70 m. Following the end of the eruption, thermal, geological, and geotechnical site investigations were carried out for the reconstruction and territorial and urban planning, with the main objectives focused on opening roads through hot lava, constructing new urban settlements in areas covered by lava flows, and facilitating the agricultural recovery. The primary challenges to reconstruction included the very slow cooling rate of the lava, resulting in persistent high temperatures, exceeding 500 °C, its highly heterogeneous geotechnical properties with numerous cavities and lava caves, and the presence of toxic gases. Site investigations included geotechnical boreholes, seismic geophysics and ground-penetration radar, and temperature measurements of lava flows using drones and thermocouple devices inside boreholes. To estimate the cooling rates of the lava flows, two physical cooling models were developed based on thermal behavior and geological–geotechnical data. The results indicated that lava cooling durations in some areas exceed practical waiting times for commencing reconstruction. This led to the development of geological engineering solutions that permit road construction and urban and agricultural reconstruction to begin sooner than estimated by the cooling models. On the other hand, potential hazards arising from the eruption process have also been taken into account. Stability analyses of the 200 m high volcanic cone formed during the eruption indicate the possibility of failure in the event of heavy rain and consequently lahar hazards. The results of the investigations carried out and their applications to post-disaster reconstruction may be useful for other volcanic regions, contributing to minimizing risk to infrastructure and urban settlements. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2024 2025 2025 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Publisher's version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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article |
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publishedVersion |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10261/377535 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85213448976 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10261/377535 https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85213448976 |
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Inglés |
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Inglés |
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https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5040052 Sí |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
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