Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide objective and real time information about the use of addictive substances. A national study was conducted by measuring the most consumed illicit drugs, other drugs whose consumption is not so widespread but has increased significantly in recent years,...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Sanz Landaluce, Jon, Gracia Lor, Emma, De Oro Carretero, Paloma
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2024
País:España
Institución:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
Repositorio:Docta Complutense
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/113653
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/113653
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:543
Illicit drugs
Benzodiazepines
Wastewater-based-epidemiology
Use profiles Spatial and temporal trends
COVID-19
Química analítica (Química)
2301 Química Analítica
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oai_identifier_str oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/113653
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
spelling Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemicSanz Landaluce, JonGracia Lor, EmmaDe Oro Carretero, Paloma543Illicit drugsBenzodiazepinesWastewater-based-epidemiologyUse profiles Spatial and temporal trendsCOVID-19Química analítica (Química)2301 Química AnalíticaWastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide objective and real time information about the use of addictive substances. A national study was conducted by measuring the most consumed illicit drugs, other drugs whose consumption is not so widespread but has increased significantly in recent years, and benzodiazepines in untreated wastewater from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in six Spanish cities. Raw composite wastewater samples were collected from December 2020 to December 2021, a period in which the Spanish and regional governments adopted different restriction measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Samples were analyzed using a validated analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of 18 substances, based on solid-phase extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Except for heroin, fentanyl, 6-acetylmorphine and alprazolam, all the compounds were found in at least one city and 9 out of 18 compounds were found in all the samples. In general, the consumption of illicit drugs was particularly high in one of the cities monitored in December 2020, when the restrictions were more severe, especially for cannabis and cocaine with values up to 46 and 6.9 g/day/1000 inhabitants (g/day/1000 inh), respectively. The consumption of MDMA, methamphetamine and mephedrone was notably higher in June 2021, after the end of the state of alarm, in the biggest population investigated in this study. Regarding the use of benzodiazepines, the highest mass loads corresponded to lorazepam. This study demonstrates that WBE is suitable for complementing epidemiological studies about the prevalence of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.ElsevierUniversidad Complutense de Madrid20242024-05-1920242024-05-19journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/113653reponame:Docta Complutenseinstname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/1136532026-06-02T12:44:21Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
title Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
spellingShingle Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
Sanz Landaluce, Jon
543
Illicit drugs
Benzodiazepines
Wastewater-based-epidemiology
Use profiles Spatial and temporal trends
COVID-19
Química analítica (Química)
2301 Química Analítica
title_short Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
title_full Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
title_fullStr Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
title_full_unstemmed Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
title_sort Consumption of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines in six Spanish cities during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Sanz Landaluce, Jon
Gracia Lor, Emma
De Oro Carretero, Paloma
author Sanz Landaluce, Jon
author_facet Sanz Landaluce, Jon
Gracia Lor, Emma
De Oro Carretero, Paloma
author_role author
author2 Gracia Lor, Emma
De Oro Carretero, Paloma
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidad Complutense de Madrid
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 543
Illicit drugs
Benzodiazepines
Wastewater-based-epidemiology
Use profiles Spatial and temporal trends
COVID-19
Química analítica (Química)
2301 Química Analítica
topic 543
Illicit drugs
Benzodiazepines
Wastewater-based-epidemiology
Use profiles Spatial and temporal trends
COVID-19
Química analítica (Química)
2301 Química Analítica
description Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide objective and real time information about the use of addictive substances. A national study was conducted by measuring the most consumed illicit drugs, other drugs whose consumption is not so widespread but has increased significantly in recent years, and benzodiazepines in untreated wastewater from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in six Spanish cities. Raw composite wastewater samples were collected from December 2020 to December 2021, a period in which the Spanish and regional governments adopted different restriction measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Samples were analyzed using a validated analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of 18 substances, based on solid-phase extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Except for heroin, fentanyl, 6-acetylmorphine and alprazolam, all the compounds were found in at least one city and 9 out of 18 compounds were found in all the samples. In general, the consumption of illicit drugs was particularly high in one of the cities monitored in December 2020, when the restrictions were more severe, especially for cannabis and cocaine with values up to 46 and 6.9 g/day/1000 inhabitants (g/day/1000 inh), respectively. The consumption of MDMA, methamphetamine and mephedrone was notably higher in June 2021, after the end of the state of alarm, in the biggest population investigated in this study. Regarding the use of benzodiazepines, the highest mass loads corresponded to lorazepam. This study demonstrates that WBE is suitable for complementing epidemiological studies about the prevalence of illicit drugs and benzodiazepines during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024
2024-05-19
2024
2024-05-19
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/113653
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/113653
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Docta Complutense
instname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
instname_str Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
reponame_str Docta Complutense
collection Docta Complutense
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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