Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens

Microalgae are known to have bioactive compounds able to modulate fish immunity. So, they are good candidates to be incorporated into aquafeeds in order to improve fish health and welfare against opportunistic outbreaks. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgae biomass prior to its inclusion into aquafeed...

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Authors: Méndez-Vivancos, Fernando, Sáez, María Isabel, Galafat, Alba, Alarcón-López, Francisco Javier, Martínez, Tomás Francisco, Arizcun, Marta, Chaves-Pozo, Elena
Format: article
Status:Published version
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repository:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/402324
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/402324
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Aquaculture diets
Bioactive compounds
Fish healthImmune system
Microalgae
Sparus aurata
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spelling Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimensMéndez-Vivancos, FernandoSáez, María IsabelGalafat, AlbaAlarcón-López, Francisco JavierMartínez, Tomás FranciscoArizcun, MartaChaves-Pozo, ElenaAquaculture dietsBioactive compoundsFish healthImmune systemMicroalgaeSparus aurataMicroalgae are known to have bioactive compounds able to modulate fish immunity. So, they are good candidates to be incorporated into aquafeeds in order to improve fish health and welfare against opportunistic outbreaks. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgae biomass prior to its inclusion into aquafeeds represents a suitable strategy for increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. In this framework, our objective was to assess the possible immunomodulatory effect of the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana on the innate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles (15.5 ± 0.5 g of body weight) fed with isoproteic and isolipidic diets containing the microalgae at two inclusion level (2.5 % or 5 %), and two formats: raw or enzymatically hydrolysed. We analyzed the host immune status during 45 and 90 days of feeding and after a bacterial challenge performed at day 91 and mimicking an opportunistic outbreak. The middle-term effect were up-regulation of variable amounts of immune activities and genes depending on the diet. However, the long-time effects depended on the microalgae format. Thus, hydrolysed microalgae decreased or have no effect on immune parameters at long term, while raw microalgae induced up or down regulation depending on the parameter studied. Interestingly, the highest mortality rates were observed in the fish fed with raw microalgae diets. Thus, we have identified two molecules (il6 and Hamp) which exacerbated up-regulation might trigger the mortalities observed. Further studies will be recommended for controlling il6 and Hamp expression in order to protect fish from opportunistic bacterial infections.This research was funded by Spanish MCIU-FEDER (grant # RTI2018-096625-B-C31 and grant # RTI2018-096625-B-C33), the Spanish MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, (grants PID2021-122287OB-C21, PID2021-122287OB-C22 and EQC2019-006380-P) the last one to the Service of Experimental Diet, the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, MCIN/AEI10.13039/501100011033 and Fundación Séneca (ThinkInAzulprogramme: PRTR-C17.I1), the European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquacuture Fund and IEO-CSIC (ALLMALT grant) and AquaTech4Feed (grant # PCI2020-112204) granted by AEI within the ERA-NET BioBlue COFUND.Peer reviewedElsevier BVAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)European CommissionFundación SénecaEuropean Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture FundCSIC - Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)Arizcun, Marta [0000-0001-8514-1854]Chaves-Pozo, Elena [0000-0003-4030-1273]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/402324reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122287OB-C22info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122287OB-C21Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, (COMU)The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103163https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103163Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/4023242026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
title Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
spellingShingle Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
Méndez-Vivancos, Fernando
Aquaculture diets
Bioactive compounds
Fish healthImmune system
Microalgae
Sparus aurata
title_short Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
title_full Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
title_fullStr Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
title_full_unstemmed Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
title_sort Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of using raw or hydrolysed Nannochloropsis gaditana in diets for juvenile gilthead seabream specimens
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Méndez-Vivancos, Fernando
Sáez, María Isabel
Galafat, Alba
Alarcón-López, Francisco Javier
Martínez, Tomás Francisco
Arizcun, Marta
Chaves-Pozo, Elena
author Méndez-Vivancos, Fernando
author_facet Méndez-Vivancos, Fernando
Sáez, María Isabel
Galafat, Alba
Alarcón-López, Francisco Javier
Martínez, Tomás Francisco
Arizcun, Marta
Chaves-Pozo, Elena
author_role author
author2 Sáez, María Isabel
Galafat, Alba
Alarcón-López, Francisco Javier
Martínez, Tomás Francisco
Arizcun, Marta
Chaves-Pozo, Elena
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
European Commission
Fundación Séneca
European Maritime, Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund
CSIC - Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO)
Arizcun, Marta [0000-0001-8514-1854]
Chaves-Pozo, Elena [0000-0003-4030-1273]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Aquaculture diets
Bioactive compounds
Fish healthImmune system
Microalgae
Sparus aurata
topic Aquaculture diets
Bioactive compounds
Fish healthImmune system
Microalgae
Sparus aurata
description Microalgae are known to have bioactive compounds able to modulate fish immunity. So, they are good candidates to be incorporated into aquafeeds in order to improve fish health and welfare against opportunistic outbreaks. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgae biomass prior to its inclusion into aquafeeds represents a suitable strategy for increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. In this framework, our objective was to assess the possible immunomodulatory effect of the microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana on the innate immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles (15.5 ± 0.5 g of body weight) fed with isoproteic and isolipidic diets containing the microalgae at two inclusion level (2.5 % or 5 %), and two formats: raw or enzymatically hydrolysed. We analyzed the host immune status during 45 and 90 days of feeding and after a bacterial challenge performed at day 91 and mimicking an opportunistic outbreak. The middle-term effect were up-regulation of variable amounts of immune activities and genes depending on the diet. However, the long-time effects depended on the microalgae format. Thus, hydrolysed microalgae decreased or have no effect on immune parameters at long term, while raw microalgae induced up or down regulation depending on the parameter studied. Interestingly, the highest mortality rates were observed in the fish fed with raw microalgae diets. Thus, we have identified two molecules (il6 and Hamp) which exacerbated up-regulation might trigger the mortalities observed. Further studies will be recommended for controlling il6 and Hamp expression in order to protect fish from opportunistic bacterial infections.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/402324
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/402324
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122287OB-C22
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122287OB-C21
Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, (COMU)
The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103163
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103163
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier BV
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier BV
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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