Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain

 Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity in response to olfactory stimuli is of great biomedical and clinical interest. However, application of controlled sequences of olfactory stimuli within the setting of fMRI equipment is challenging since the associated limit...

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Authors: Salama, Raffaella, Rodríguez Lázaro, Miguel A., Castelo-Branco Flores, Camil, Herrero Vidaurre, Iñigo, Ribera Torres, Laura, Muñoz-Moreno, Emma, Farré Ventura, Ramon, Otero Hermo, Jorge
Format: article
Status:Published version
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Universidad de Barcelona
Repository:Dipòsit Digital de la UB
OAI Identifier:oai:diposit.ub.edu:2445/225681
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/2445/225681
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Cervell
Olfacte
Imatges per ressonància magnètica
Brain
Smell
Magnetic resonance imaging
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spelling Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brainSalama, RaffaellaRodríguez Lázaro, Miguel A.Castelo-Branco Flores, CamilHerrero Vidaurre, IñigoRibera Torres, LauraMuñoz-Moreno, EmmaFarré Ventura, RamonOtero Hermo, JorgeCervellOlfacteImatges per ressonància magnèticaBrainSmellMagnetic resonance imaging Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity in response to olfactory stimuli is of great biomedical and clinical interest. However, application of controlled sequences of olfactory stimuli within the setting of fMRI equipment is challenging since the associated limitations for non-magnetic and non-conducive materials. Here, we have developed and tested a simple, low-cost, open-source, stand-alone device to apply selectable controlled sequences of olfactory stimuli in subjects undergoing fMRI. The device consists of an Arduino-controlled unit containing a blower-based airflow generator and a multichannel air valves system, a set of long air conducting tubing, and bubbler-based odor sources. The device was first validated on the bench to characterize the range of achievable flows, ensuring that the device can be adapted to a variety of applications and fMRI settings. The effectiveness of device performance was subsequently assessed in female patients with sexual dysfunction using a fMRI protocol based on subjecting them to controlled sequences of olfactive stimuli with pheromone, phenethyl alcohol (a rose fragrance) or neutral clean air. Therefore, the device facilitates biomedical research and clinical assessment of the neural pathways modulated by the olfactory system Elsevier Ltd.2025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/225681Articles publicats en revistes (Biomedicina)reponame:Dipòsit Digital de la UBinstname:Universidad de BarcelonaInglésReproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00708HardwareX, 2025https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00708cc-by (c) Salama, R. et al., 2025http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:diposit.ub.edu:2445/2256812026-05-27T06:46:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
title Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
spellingShingle Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
Salama, Raffaella
Cervell
Olfacte
Imatges per ressonància magnètica
Brain
Smell
Magnetic resonance imaging
title_short Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
title_full Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
title_fullStr Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
title_full_unstemmed Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
title_sort Low-cost, open-source device for applying controlled olfactory stimuli during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Salama, Raffaella
Rodríguez Lázaro, Miguel A.
Castelo-Branco Flores, Camil
Herrero Vidaurre, Iñigo
Ribera Torres, Laura
Muñoz-Moreno, Emma
Farré Ventura, Ramon
Otero Hermo, Jorge
author Salama, Raffaella
author_facet Salama, Raffaella
Rodríguez Lázaro, Miguel A.
Castelo-Branco Flores, Camil
Herrero Vidaurre, Iñigo
Ribera Torres, Laura
Muñoz-Moreno, Emma
Farré Ventura, Ramon
Otero Hermo, Jorge
author_role author
author2 Rodríguez Lázaro, Miguel A.
Castelo-Branco Flores, Camil
Herrero Vidaurre, Iñigo
Ribera Torres, Laura
Muñoz-Moreno, Emma
Farré Ventura, Ramon
Otero Hermo, Jorge
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Cervell
Olfacte
Imatges per ressonància magnètica
Brain
Smell
Magnetic resonance imaging
topic Cervell
Olfacte
Imatges per ressonància magnètica
Brain
Smell
Magnetic resonance imaging
description  Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess brain activity in response to olfactory stimuli is of great biomedical and clinical interest. However, application of controlled sequences of olfactory stimuli within the setting of fMRI equipment is challenging since the associated limitations for non-magnetic and non-conducive materials. Here, we have developed and tested a simple, low-cost, open-source, stand-alone device to apply selectable controlled sequences of olfactory stimuli in subjects undergoing fMRI. The device consists of an Arduino-controlled unit containing a blower-based airflow generator and a multichannel air valves system, a set of long air conducting tubing, and bubbler-based odor sources. The device was first validated on the bench to characterize the range of achievable flows, ensuring that the device can be adapted to a variety of applications and fMRI settings. The effectiveness of device performance was subsequently assessed in female patients with sexual dysfunction using a fMRI protocol based on subjecting them to controlled sequences of olfactive stimuli with pheromone, phenethyl alcohol (a rose fragrance) or neutral clean air. Therefore, the device facilitates biomedical research and clinical assessment of the neural pathways modulated by the olfactory system 
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2445/225681
url https://hdl.handle.net/2445/225681
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00708
HardwareX, 2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2025.e00708
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv cc-by (c) Salama, R. et al., 2025
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv cc-by (c) Salama, R. et al., 2025
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier Ltd.
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier Ltd.
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Articles publicats en revistes (Biomedicina)
reponame:Dipòsit Digital de la UB
instname:Universidad de Barcelona
instname_str Universidad de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de la UB
collection Dipòsit Digital de la UB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,811543

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