Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization

Although several biosecurity and control measures are currently in place to mitigate the African swine fever (ASF) epidemic, vaccination is being explored as a potential long-term strategy. However, standardized guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of ASF vaccines are not yet fully esta...

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Autores: Porras, Néstor, Rodríguez-Bertos, Antonio, Barroso-Arévalo, Sandra, Kosowska, Aleksandra, Díaz-Frutos, Marta, De Pablo-Moreno, Javier M., Sánchez-Segovia, Mónica, Barasona, José A.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/413237
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/413237
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:African swine fever virus
Wild boar
High virulence isolate
Virus distribution
Histopathology
Vaccine
Immunohistochemistry
Low virulence isolate
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network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
title Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
spellingShingle Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
Porras, Néstor
African swine fever virus
Wild boar
High virulence isolate
Virus distribution
Histopathology
Vaccine
Immunohistochemistry
Low virulence isolate
title_short Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
title_full Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
title_fullStr Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
title_full_unstemmed Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
title_sort Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterization
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Porras, Néstor
Rodríguez-Bertos, Antonio
Barroso-Arévalo, Sandra
Kosowska, Aleksandra
Díaz-Frutos, Marta
De Pablo-Moreno, Javier M.
Sánchez-Segovia, Mónica
Barasona, José A.
author Porras, Néstor
author_facet Porras, Néstor
Rodríguez-Bertos, Antonio
Barroso-Arévalo, Sandra
Kosowska, Aleksandra
Díaz-Frutos, Marta
De Pablo-Moreno, Javier M.
Sánchez-Segovia, Mónica
Barasona, José A.
author_role author
author2 Rodríguez-Bertos, Antonio
Barroso-Arévalo, Sandra
Kosowska, Aleksandra
Díaz-Frutos, Marta
De Pablo-Moreno, Javier M.
Sánchez-Segovia, Mónica
Barasona, José A.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
European Commission
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv African swine fever virus
Wild boar
High virulence isolate
Virus distribution
Histopathology
Vaccine
Immunohistochemistry
Low virulence isolate
topic African swine fever virus
Wild boar
High virulence isolate
Virus distribution
Histopathology
Vaccine
Immunohistochemistry
Low virulence isolate
description Although several biosecurity and control measures are currently in place to mitigate the African swine fever (ASF) epidemic, vaccination is being explored as a potential long-term strategy. However, standardized guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of ASF vaccines are not yet fully established. Understanding infection dynamics in wild boar is crucial, as they play a key role in the spread and persistence of the virus. This work aims to provide comprehensive information on viral distribution through immunohistochemical analysis (p72) with histopathologic assessment in wild boar. The study design comprises animals: (i) intramuscular infected with the high-virulence genotype II isolate Arm07 (highly virulent isolate [HVI]; n = 6); (ii) orally vaccinated with the low virulence isolate Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD (low virulent isolate [LVI]; n = 6); and (iii) orally vaccinated with Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD, either with a single dose (LVI-HVI1; n = 6) or repeated doses (LVI-HVI2; n = 6), followed by intramuscular challenge with Arm07. Clinical monitoring, viral load quantification in blood and tissues via real-time quantitative PCR, and virus viability in tissue cultures using peripheral blood mononuclear cells were performed. HVI animals had hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions, along with generalized lymphoid depletion, correlated with widespread viral dissemination. LVI animals rarely showed mild lymphoid depletion of the lymph nodes; minimal immunostaining was observed in macrophages of the tonsils and lymph nodes, typically restricted to the oral entry point. A few LVI–HVI1 cases had infected resident sinus macrophages related to necrotic lesions at tonsils and lymph nodes, preventing the virus from disseminating to vital organs. No viral immunostaining or associated histopathologic lesions were observed in LVI–HVI2 animals, indicating that revaccination enhances safety against virulent challenges. Observed changes following vaccination do not reflect chronic infection but rather a transient one, followed by lymphoid system recovery. Immunohistochemical and histological evaluation has proven valuable in advancing our understanding of ASF pathogenesis in wild boar, contributing to improved vaccination safety and disease management strategies.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/413237
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/413237
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/RYC2022-038060-I
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CPP2023-010867
The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI 10.1155/tbed/4258247
https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/4258247
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-VCH
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Wiley-VCH
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
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spelling Viral distribution of wild boar exposed to low (vaccine candidate) and high virulence African swine fever virus isolates: Immunohistochemical characterizationPorras, NéstorRodríguez-Bertos, AntonioBarroso-Arévalo, SandraKosowska, AleksandraDíaz-Frutos, MartaDe Pablo-Moreno, Javier M.Sánchez-Segovia, MónicaBarasona, José A.African swine fever virusWild boarHigh virulence isolateVirus distributionHistopathologyVaccineImmunohistochemistryLow virulence isolateAlthough several biosecurity and control measures are currently in place to mitigate the African swine fever (ASF) epidemic, vaccination is being explored as a potential long-term strategy. However, standardized guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of ASF vaccines are not yet fully established. Understanding infection dynamics in wild boar is crucial, as they play a key role in the spread and persistence of the virus. This work aims to provide comprehensive information on viral distribution through immunohistochemical analysis (p72) with histopathologic assessment in wild boar. The study design comprises animals: (i) intramuscular infected with the high-virulence genotype II isolate Arm07 (highly virulent isolate [HVI]; n = 6); (ii) orally vaccinated with the low virulence isolate Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD (low virulent isolate [LVI]; n = 6); and (iii) orally vaccinated with Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD, either with a single dose (LVI-HVI1; n = 6) or repeated doses (LVI-HVI2; n = 6), followed by intramuscular challenge with Arm07. Clinical monitoring, viral load quantification in blood and tissues via real-time quantitative PCR, and virus viability in tissue cultures using peripheral blood mononuclear cells were performed. HVI animals had hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions, along with generalized lymphoid depletion, correlated with widespread viral dissemination. LVI animals rarely showed mild lymphoid depletion of the lymph nodes; minimal immunostaining was observed in macrophages of the tonsils and lymph nodes, typically restricted to the oral entry point. A few LVI–HVI1 cases had infected resident sinus macrophages related to necrotic lesions at tonsils and lymph nodes, preventing the virus from disseminating to vital organs. No viral immunostaining or associated histopathologic lesions were observed in LVI–HVI2 animals, indicating that revaccination enhances safety against virulent challenges. Observed changes following vaccination do not reflect chronic infection but rather a transient one, followed by lymphoid system recovery. Immunohistochemical and histological evaluation has proven valuable in advancing our understanding of ASF pathogenesis in wild boar, contributing to improved vaccination safety and disease management strategies.This research was funded by the Research Project (Grant CPP2023-010867), financed by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, EU. Jose Ángel Barasona is a recipient of a “Ramón y Cajal” contract (Grant RYC2022-038060-I) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN/AEI) and Fondo Social Europeo Plus (FSE+).Peer reviewedWiley-VCHAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)European CommissionConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202620262025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/413237reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/RYC2022-038060-Iinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CPP2023-010867The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI 10.1155/tbed/4258247https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/4258247Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/4132372026-05-22T06:33:51Z
score 15,811543

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