Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students

Most people are exposed to risks both in the online and offline world. Several studies have provided definitions and measures of cybervictimization based on different theoretical approaches and most of them have focused on specific forms of cybercrime, depicting a limited portrayal of victimization....

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Tamarit Sumalla, Josep M. (Josep Maria), Malpica-Lander, Claudia, Fernández-Cruz, Victòria
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2022
País:España
Institución:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
Repositorio:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
OAI Identifier:oai:recercat.cat:10459.1/72937
Acceso en línea:https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010016
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/72937
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Co-occurrence
Atent classes
Online victimization
Offline victimization
Victimology
Polyvictims
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spelling Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University StudentsTamarit Sumalla, Josep M. (Josep Maria)Malpica-Lander, ClaudiaFernández-Cruz, VictòriaCo-occurrenceAtent classesOnline victimizationOffline victimizationVictimologyPolyvictimsMost people are exposed to risks both in the online and offline world. Several studies have provided definitions and measures of cybervictimization based on different theoretical approaches and most of them have focused on specific forms of cybercrime, depicting a limited portrayal of victimization. The current study explored victimization configurations in a sample of 749 university undergraduates from Spain (61.6% women; M age = 26.9), utilizing latent class analyses to account for the nature and frequency of various types of online and offline victimization along their life span. Among them, 35.9% were victims of a cyberattack, 24.4% reported being victims of cyberfraud and 49% of property crime. The analysis uncovered two classes of cybervictims—consisting of economic cybervictimization (victims of economic cybercrimes only) and cyber-polyvictimization (victims of various types of cybercrimes)—and allowed us to compare them with a group of non-victims. Younger respondents (15 to 25 years old), conventional university students, women, people with lower incomes and LGBTQI+ individuals have a higher representation in the cyber-polyvictimization class. In addition, members of this class have suffered more offline victimization in all the areas analyzed. The present study has found co-occurrence between online and offline victimization, thus reinforcing the relevance of simultaneously studying both areas and the interaction between them. From this empirical ground, prevention strategies should not be focused merely on opportunity factors related to the online interactions and behavior of potential victims, without facing the deep human and social roots of victimization.MDPI202220222022info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttps://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010016http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/72937http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/72937reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunyainstname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)InglésReproducció del document publicat a https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010016Social Sciences, 2022, vol. 11, núm. 1, 16cc-by (c) Tamarit et al., 2022info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/oai:recercat.cat:10459.1/729372026-05-29T05:05:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
title Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
spellingShingle Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
Tamarit Sumalla, Josep M. (Josep Maria)
Co-occurrence
Atent classes
Online victimization
Offline victimization
Victimology
Polyvictims
title_short Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
title_full Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
title_fullStr Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
title_full_unstemmed Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
title_sort Co-Occurrence of Online and Offline Victimization: A Latent Class Analysis in University Students
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Tamarit Sumalla, Josep M. (Josep Maria)
Malpica-Lander, Claudia
Fernández-Cruz, Victòria
author Tamarit Sumalla, Josep M. (Josep Maria)
author_facet Tamarit Sumalla, Josep M. (Josep Maria)
Malpica-Lander, Claudia
Fernández-Cruz, Victòria
author_role author
author2 Malpica-Lander, Claudia
Fernández-Cruz, Victòria
author2_role author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Co-occurrence
Atent classes
Online victimization
Offline victimization
Victimology
Polyvictims
topic Co-occurrence
Atent classes
Online victimization
Offline victimization
Victimology
Polyvictims
description Most people are exposed to risks both in the online and offline world. Several studies have provided definitions and measures of cybervictimization based on different theoretical approaches and most of them have focused on specific forms of cybercrime, depicting a limited portrayal of victimization. The current study explored victimization configurations in a sample of 749 university undergraduates from Spain (61.6% women; M age = 26.9), utilizing latent class analyses to account for the nature and frequency of various types of online and offline victimization along their life span. Among them, 35.9% were victims of a cyberattack, 24.4% reported being victims of cyberfraud and 49% of property crime. The analysis uncovered two classes of cybervictims—consisting of economic cybervictimization (victims of economic cybercrimes only) and cyber-polyvictimization (victims of various types of cybercrimes)—and allowed us to compare them with a group of non-victims. Younger respondents (15 to 25 years old), conventional university students, women, people with lower incomes and LGBTQI+ individuals have a higher representation in the cyber-polyvictimization class. In addition, members of this class have suffered more offline victimization in all the areas analyzed. The present study has found co-occurrence between online and offline victimization, thus reinforcing the relevance of simultaneously studying both areas and the interaction between them. From this empirical ground, prevention strategies should not be focused merely on opportunity factors related to the online interactions and behavior of potential victims, without facing the deep human and social roots of victimization.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022
2022
2022
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010016
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/72937
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/72937
url https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010016
http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/72937
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Reproducció del document publicat a https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11010016
Social Sciences, 2022, vol. 11, núm. 1, 16
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv cc-by (c) Tamarit et al., 2022
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
rights_invalid_str_mv cc-by (c) Tamarit et al., 2022
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
instname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
instname_str Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
reponame_str Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
collection Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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